T  D 


IRLF 


American  Society  of  Municipal 
Improvements,  1914 

Specifications  for 

Sewer  Construction 

cAdopted  October  8,  1914 


These  specifications  will  be  modified  from  time  to  time 
to  keep  them  fully  up  to  date.  Suggestions  as  to  modi- 
fications or  additions  are  solicited  and  should  be  sent  to 
the  Secretary,  or  to  E.  J.  Fort,  Municipal  Building, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Chairman  of  the  Sub-Committee  on 
Specifications  for  Sewers,  and 


GEORGE   W.  TILLSON 

Boro  Hall,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Chairman  of  General  Committee  on  Standard  Specifications 


COPYRIGHTED^,  *19l4  _.'       %! 

(Any  municipality  will  be  given  if  se  permission  to  use  theSe  specifications  or  any  part 
of  them  upon  application  to  the  Secretary.) 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY 
CHARLES  CARROLL  BROWN,  Secretary- 

702  WULSIN  BUILDING 
INDIANAPOLIS,    INDIANA 


* 


Press  yf 

S.  E.  Tate  Printing  Company 

Manhattan  Building 

Milwaukee 


Modifications  of  these  Specifications  made  in  1915 


REPORT  OF   SUB-COMMITTEE  ON   SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR  SEWERS. 

The  sub-committee  on  Specifications  for  Sewers  has  further  con- 
sidered Articles  206  and  211  of  its  report,  and  the  proposed  amend- 
ments thereto,  all  of  which  were  omitted  from  the  Specifications  for 
Sewer  Construction,  as  adopted  by  the  society  at  its  last  convention. 

Article  206. — The  amendment  proposed  by  Mr.  Parmley  would 
materially  reduce  the  specified  thickness  of  reinforced  concrete 
sewer  pipes  of  large  sizes.  After  careful  consideration  we  are 
unable  to  recommend  at  this  time  the  adoption  of  the  dimensions 
proposed  in  the  amendment.  We  also  find  the  subject  matter  of 
the  proposed  amendment,  covering  the  depth  and  details  of  socket 
and  joint  ends  and  of  reinforcement  material,  is  sufficiently  covered 
by  items  of  the  specifications  heretofore  adopted. 

We  do,  however,  recommend  that  column  4  of  Article  206,  as 
proposed  by  the  sub-committee,  be  omitted. 

Article  211. — The  amendment  offered  by  Mr.  Parmley  proposes 
three  different  methods  of  applying  crushing  tests  to  reinforced 
cement  concrete  pipes,  and  specifies  a  different  crushing  load  for 
each  method.  The  sub-committee  has  considered  these,  and  reached 
the  opinion  that  proposed  methods  1  and  2  are  too  complex,  and 
hardly  practicable,  and  that  method  3,  which  substantially  complies 
with  the  method  proposed  by  the  committee,  specifies  crushing  loads 
which,  in  our  opinion,  are  too  low  and  unsafe. 

The  sub-committee  has  further  considered  Article  211  and  has 
reached  the  additional  conclusion,  that  the  test  pressures  which  the 
pipes  shall  withstand  should  be  specified  with  more  definiteness  than 
at  present.  With  this  end  in  view  it  recommends  the  insertion  of 
the  words:  "without  collapse"  before  the  words,  "the  following 
pressures,"  at  the  ends  of  both  the  first  and  second  paragraphs  of 
Article  211. 

Otherwise,  the  committee  recommends  the  adoption  of  Articles 
206  and  211  as  originally  presented  by  it,  with  the  omission  of 
column  4  of  tabular  socket  dimensions  in  Article  206. 

Respectfully  yours, 

E.  J.  Fort,  Chairman. 
Rudolph   Hering, 
A.  J.  Provost. 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  SEWER  CONSTRUCTION. 


TRENCHES. 


LENGTH  OF  TRENCH. 

1.  Unless  otherwise  directed  or  permitted  not  more  than 
. . .    feet  of  any  trench  in  advance  of  the  end  of  the  built 
sewer  shall  be  open  at  any  time;  and  unless  written  permis- 
sion to  the  contrary  is  given,  the  trench  shall  be  excavated 
to  its  full  depth  for  a  distance  of  at  least  . . .  feet  more  than 
the  minimum  length  of  sewer  permitted  to  be  laid  in  it  (see 
sections  152  and  158).     Trenches  for  house  connection  drains 
shall  not  be  open  on  both  sides  of  the  street  at  the  same  time, 
unless  permission  has  previously  been  given  to  close  the  street. 
Unless  otherwise  directed,  each  trench  for  basin  connections 
and  house  connection  drains  shall  be  fully  excavated  for  its 
entire  length  before  any  pipes  are  laid  therein. 

SHEETING  AND  BRACING. 

2.  Where  necessary,  the  sides  of  the  trenches  and  excava- 
tions shall  be  supported  by  adequate  sheeting  and  bracing. 
Steel  sheeting  may  be  used  only  where  shown  on  the  plan  or 
directed.     Sheeting  and  bracing  will  be  paid  for  only  when 
left  in  place  by  written  order,  in  which  event  the  amount 
left  in  place  will  be  paid  for  at  the  contract  price  for  such 
material.   .Unless  specially  permitted,  sheeting  against  which 
concrete  is  placed  shall  not  be  removed,  but  such  sheeting  will 
not  be  paid  for  unless  ordered  to  be  left  in  place  to  protect 
the  sides  of  the  trenches  and  excavations.     The  Contractor 
will  be  held  accountable  and  responsible  for  the  sufficiency 
of  all  sheeting  and  bracing  used,  and  for  all  damage  to  per- 
sons or  property  resulting  from  the  improper  quality,  strength, 
placing,  maintaining  or  removing  of  the  same. 

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342926 


SHEETING  IN  SOFT  MATERIAL. 

3.  Where  the  material  to  be  excavated  is  of  such  a  char- 
acter or  other  conditions  are  such  as  to  render  it  necessary, 
the  sheeting  shall  be  closely  driven  and  to  such  depth  below 
the  bottom  of  the  sewer  as  may  be  directed. 

TUNNELING. 

4.  All  work  shall  be  done  in  open  trenches  or  excavations, 
no  tunneling  shall  be  done  except  with  the  consent  of  the  En- 
gineer. 

TREES  AND  STUMPS. 

5.  The  Contractor  shall  grub  and  clear  the  surface  over 
the  trenches,  and  the  excavations  of  all  trees,  stumps,  stones 
and  any  other  incumbrances  affecting  the  prosecution  of  the 
work,  and  shall  remove  them  from  the  site. 

MATERIAL  To  BE  DISINFECTED. 

6.  If  required  by  the  Engineer,  any  or  all  of  the  excavated 
material   shall   be   satisfactorily   disinfected   or  deodorized   or 
immediately  removed  from  the  work. 

ROADWAY,    SIDEWALKS,   ETC.,   To   BE   KEPT   CLEAR. 

7.  Unless  permission  is  given  to  the  contrary,  the  excavated 
material  and  materials  of  construction  shall  be  so  deposited, 
and  the  work  shall  be  so  conducted  as  to  leave  open  and  free 
for  pedestrian  traffic  all  crosswalks,  a  space  on  each  sidewalk 
not  less  than  one-third  the  width  of  the  sidewalk  and  not  less 
than  3  feet  in  width,  and  for  vehicular  traffic  a  roadway  not 
less  than  8  feet  in  width.     All  street  hydrants,  water  gates, 
fire  alarm  boxes  and  letter  boxes  shall  be  kept  accessible  for 
use.     Not  more  than  . .  .  linear  feet  of  sidewalk  shall  be  used 
at   any  time  for  storage   of  materials  from  any   one  trench. 
During  the  progress  of  the  work  the  Contractor  shall  maintain 
such  crosswalks,  sidewalks  and  roadways  in  satisfactory  con- 
dition, and  the  work  shall  at  all  times  be  so  conducted  as  to 
cause   a  minimum   of  inconvenience  to   public  travel,   and  to 

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permit  safe  and  .convenient  access  to  private  and  public  prop- 
erty along  the  line  of  the  work. 

SURPLUS  MATERIAL. 

8.  If  all  of  the  excavated  material  cannot  be  stored  on 
the  street  in  such  a  manner  as  to  maintain  the  traffic  condi- 
tions hereinbefore  specified,  the  surplus  shall  be  removed  from 
the  work  and  stored.     After  the  construction  of  the  sewer, 
so   much  of  this  material   as  is   of  satisfactory  quality  and 
necessary  for  the  purpose  shall  be  brought  back  and  used 
for  backfilling  the  trench. 

Material  from  first  . . .  feet  to  be  carted  away. 

9.  Where    directed,    in   built-up    districts   and   in   streets 
where  traffic  conditions  render  it  necessary,  the  material  ex- 
cavated from  the  first  . . .  feet  of  trenches  shall  be  removed 
by  the  Contractor  as  soon  as  excavated,  and  the  material  sub- 
sequently excavated,  if  suitable  for  the  purpose,  shall  be  used 
to  backfill  the  trenches  in  which  the  sewers  have  been  built 
and  neither  the  excavated  material  nor  materials  of  construc- 
tion shall  be  stored  on  the  roadways  or  sidewalks. 

FENCE. 

10:     Where  required  by  the  Engineer,  suitable  fences  shall 
be  placed  along  the  sides  of  the  trenches  to  keep  the  streets 

safe  for  traffic. 

TEMPORARY  BRIDGES. 

11.  Crosswalks,    where   intersected   by   trenches,    shall   if 
required  be  temporarily  replaced  by  substantial  timber  bridges 
not  less  than  3  feet  wide,  with  side  railings.    Where  required, 
suitable  temporary  bridges  for  vehicles  shall  be  provided  and 
maintained  across  trenches. 

DISPOSAL  OF  WATER  FROM  TRENCHES. 

12.  The  Contractor  shall  at  all  times  during  the  progress 
of  the   work  keep   the   trenches   and   excavations  free  from 
water.     Water  from  the  trenches  and  excavations  shall  be 
disposed  of  in  such  a  manner  as  will  neither  cause  injury  to 

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the  public  health,  nor  to  public  or  private  property,  nor  to 
the  work  completed  or  in  progress,  nor  to  the  surface  of  the 
streets,  nor  cause  any  interference  with  the  use  of  the  same 
by  the  public. 

COST  To  BE  COVERED. 

13.  The  cost  of  all  labor  required  to  be  done  and  all  ma- 
terials required  to  be  furnished  in  the  performance  of  all  of 
the  work  specified  in  paragraphs  1  to  12,  inclusive,  except  as 
otherwise  provided,  shall  be  covered  by  all  the  contract  prices 
for  all  the  items  for  which  there  are  contract  prices. 


EARTH  EXCAVATION. 

14.  Earth  excavation  shall  include  the  removal  of  all  ma- 
terial other  than  rock  as  defined  in  sections  21  and  22. 

•    WIDTH  OF  TRENCH  FOR  SEWERS,  ETC. 

15.  The   minimum   widths   of  trenches  in  earth  for  pipe 
sewers,  basin  connections,  house  connection  and  other  drains 
not  over  18  inches  in  diameter,  shall  be  such  as  to  give  a 
clearance  of  8  inches  on  each  side  of  the  barrel  of  the  pipe, 
and  for  those  of  larger  diameters,  of  10  inches  on  each  side 
of  the  barrel  of  the  pipe,  and  all  such  trenches  shall  have  a 
clear  width  equal  to  the  maximum  widths  of  the  cradles  of 
the  sewers  to  be  laid  in  them,  when  such  cradles  are  wider 
than  the  minimum  widths  hereinbefore  specified.     The  min- 
imum clear  widths  of  trenches  in  earth  for  other  sewers  shall 
be   the   greatest   external   width   of  the   structures,   including 
the  necessary  forms,  to  be  built  therein. 

EXCAVATION  FOR  MANHOLES,  ETC. 

16.  Where  a  riser,  manhole  or  other  appurtenance  or  the 
foundation  therefor  extends  beyond  the  exterior  lines  of  the 
sewer  or  its  foundation,  the  minimum  excavation  in  earth  re- 
quired for  the  same  shall  be  that  contained  in  a  prism  with 
vertical  sides  and  a  horizontal  section  equal  to  the  smallest 

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rectangle  which  will  enclose  such  appurtenance  and  its  foun- 
dation. 

EXCAVATION  FOR  RECEIVING  BASINS,  ETC. 

17.  The  minimum  dimensions  of  the  excavation  in  earth 
for  brick  receiving  basins,  catchbasins  and  flush  tanks  shall  be 
such  as  to  give  a  clearance  inside  the  sheeting  of  1  foot  on  all 
sides  above  the  foundation,  but  in  all  such  cases  the  excavation 
shall  be  large  enough  to  include  the  foundation  for  the  struct- 
ures shown  on  the  plan.     The  excavation  for  concrete  catch 
basins  and  flush  tanks  shall  be  of  such  dimensions  as  to  per- 
mit the  proper  placing  and  removal  of  the  necessary  forms. 

DEPTH   OF  TRENCHES. 

18.  Trenches  shall  be  excavated  to  the  depths  required 
for  the  foundations  of  the  sewers  and  appurtenances  shown 
on  the  plan,  and  where  conditions  are  such  as  to  make  it  neces- 
sary, to  such  additional  depths  as  may  be  directed.     Where 
pipe  is  laid  without  a.  cradle,  the  bottoms  of  trenches  shall 
be  excavated  to  fit  the  lower  third  of  the  pipe,  and  excava- 
tions shall  be  made  to  receive  the  hubs.    All  irregularities  in 
the  bottoms  of  trenches  shall  be  filled  up  to  the  required  grade 
with  suitable  material. 

COST  To  BE  COVERED. 

19.  The  cost  of  all  labor  required  to  be  done  and  all  ma- 
terials required  to  be  furnished  in  the  performance  of  all  the 
work  specified  in  paragraphs  14  to   18,  inclusive,   except  as 
otherwise  provided,  shall  be  covered  by  all  the  contract  prices 
for  all  the  items  foi;  which  there  are  contract  prices. 

ADDITIONAL  EARTH  EXCAVATIONS. 

20.  When  there  is  a  contract  price  for  additional  earth 
excavation,  it  shall  cover  the  cost  of  excavating  all  material 
(other  than  rock)   ordered  to  be  excavated  beyond  the  lines 
and  depths  herein   specified  in  sections   15  to  18,   inclusive, 
and  also  the  cost  of  excavating  all  material  within  the  lines 
f  7 


of  the  trenches  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  as  shown  on 
the  plan,  when  such  material  has  not  been  placed  there  by 
the  Contractor.  This  contract  price  shall  also  cover  the  cost 
of  filling  such  excavations  with  approved  material.  Where 
no  price  is  named  in  the  contract  for  additional  earth  excava- 
tion, the  cost  of  the  several  items  enumerated  above  shall  be 
covered  by  all  the  contract  prices  for  all  the  items  for  which 
there  are  contract  prices. 


ROCK  EXCAVATION. 
DEFINITION. 

21.  Rock  excavation  shall  include  the  excavation  and  re- 
moval of  the  following  materials: 

a.  Rock  which  shall  be  determined  to  be  of  such  a  char- 
acter as  to  warrant  its  removal  by  blasting,  in  order  to  insure 
the  prompt  and  proper  prosecution  of  the  work. 

b.  Boulders  and  pieces  of  rock,  masonry  in  mortar,  and 
concrete,  each  of  which  contains  one-third  cubic  yard  or  more, 
except  the  masonry  and  concrete  of  old  sewers  and  their  ap- 
purtenances. 

22.  Pieces  of  rock,  masonry,  concrete  or  boulders  which 
fall  or  slide  into  the  trench  from  beyond  the  lines  thereof  as 
herein  defined,  will  not  be  measured,  and  the  cost  of  the  re- 
moval of  the  same  shall  be  covered  by  all  the  contract  prices 
for  all  the  items  for  which  there  are  contract  prices. 

WIDTH  OF  TRENCH. 

23.  The  required  width  of  trench  in.  rock  for  pipe  sew- 
ers, basin  connections,  house  connections  and  other  pipes  will 
be  such  as  to  give  a  clearance  of  one  foot  on  each  side  of  the 
pipe,  exclusive  of  spurs  and  hubs,  the  required  width  of  trench 
in  rock  for  other  sewers  and  drains  will  be  such  as  to  give  a 
clearance  of  one  foot  on  each  side  of  the  structure  to  be  built 
therein  at  its  greatest  external  width.     Where  a  riser,  man- 
hole  or  other  appurtenance,   or  the  foundation  therefor,   ex- 

8 


tends  beyond  the  exterior  lines  of  the  sewer  or  its  foundation, 
the  excavation  in  rock  required  for  the  same  will  be  that 
contained  in  a  prism  with  vertical  sides  and  a  horizontal 
section  one  foot  wider  on  each  side  than  the  smallest  rectan- 
gle which  will  enclose  such  appurtenance  and  its  foundation. 
The  required  dimensions  of  the  excavation  in  rock  for  re- 
ceiving basins,  catch  basins  and  flush  tanks  will  be  such  as 
to  give  a  clearance  of  one  foot  on  all  sides  above  their  foun- 
dations. 

DEPTH  OF  TRENCH. 

24.  The  rock  shall  be  excavated  to  the  depths  required 
for  the  cradles  and  foundations  of  the  structures  as  shown  on 
the  plan,  and  not  less  than  4"  below  the  outside  of  the  barrel 

for  the  pipe  sewers. 

MEASUREMENT. 

25.  The  volume  of  rock  to  be  paid  for  will  be  that  con- 
tained in  prisms  with  vertical  sides  and  of  such  dimensions 
as  to   give  the  widths   and  clearances  hereinbefore  specified 
from  the  bottoms  of  the  trenches,  as  specified  and  as  shown 
on  the  plan  to  the  surface  of  the  rock. 

ROCK  STRIPPED. 

26.  Rock  shall  be  stripped  in  sections,  which  unless  other- 
wise permitted,  shall  be  not  less  than  50  feet  in  length,  and 
the  Engineer  shall  then  be  notified  in  order  that  he  may  meas- 
ure the  same.    Rock  excavated  or  blasted  before  such  measure- 
ment is  made  will  not  be  paid  for. 

EXCAVATION  FOR  BRANCHES. 

27.  Wherever  a  branch  for  a  proposed  sewer  or  extension 
of  a  sewer  is  built  in  rock,  the  required  trench  shall  be  ex- 
cavated for  a  distance  of  not  less  than  5  feet  beyond  the  end 
of  such  branch,  in  the  direction  of  the  proposed  sewer  or  ex- 
tension. 

BLASTING. 

28.  All  blasting  operations  shall  be  conducted  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  existing  ordinances  and  regulations  relative  to 

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rock  blasting  and  the  storage  and  use  of  explosives.  Any 
rock  excavation  within  5  feet  of  a  water  main  less  than  36 
inches  in  diameter,  and  within  10  feet  of  a  water  main  36 
inches  or  more  in  diameter,  shall  be  done  with  very  light 
charges  of  explosives,  or,  if  directed,  without  blasting,  and 
the  utmost  care  shall  be  used  to  avoid  breaking  or  disturbing 
the  main. 

EXPOSED  STRUCTURE  To  BE  PROTECTED. 

29.  All   exposed  sewers,   manholes,   receiving  basins   and 
other  structures  shall  be  carefully  protected  from  the  effects 
of   blasts.     Any   damage   done   to   such   structures   shall   be 
promptly  repaired  by  the  Contractor  at  his  own  expense. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

30.  The   contract   price   for  rock   excavation   shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  excavate  and 
remove  all  rock  as  specified,  and  without  regard  to  its  sub- 
sequent use.     When  there  is  no  contract  price  for  rock  ex- 
cavation the  cost  of  excavating  and  removing  rock  shall  be 
covered  by  all  the  contract  prices  for  all  the  items  for  which 
there  are  contract  prices. 


BACKFILLING. 
BACKFILLING  AROUND  SEWERS,  ETC. 

31.  Unless  otherwise  specified  or  directed,  all  trenches  and 
excavations  shall  be  backfilled  immediately  after  the  structures 
are  built  therein.  For  a  depth  of  at  least  2  feet  over  the  top 
of  sewers,  basin  connections,  house  connections  and  other 
drains,  the  material  used  for  backfilling  trenches  as  excavated 
shall  be  clean  earth,  sand  or  rock  dust.  It  shall  be  carefully 
deposited  in  uniform  layers  not  exceeding  6  inches  in  depth, 
and  unless  otherwise  permitted  each  layer  shall  be  carefully 
and  solidly  tamped  with  appropriate  tools  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  avoid  injuring  or  disturbing  the  completed  work. 

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BACKFILLING  FOR  REMAINDER  OF  TRENCH. 

32.  Backfilling  for  the  remainder  of  the  trenches  as  ex- 
cavated shall  be  approved  material  free  from  organic  matter 
and  containing  no  stones  over  10  inches  in  their  largest  dimen- 
sions.   Stones  which  are  used  in  backfilling  shall  be  so  distrib- 
uted through  the  mass  that  all  interstices  are  filled  with  fine 
material.     Backfilling  shall  be  deposited  as  directed,  and  un- 
less otherwise  permitted  shall  be  spread  in  layers  and  solidly 
tamped. 

BACKFILLING  AROUND  MANHOLES,  RECEIVING  BASINS,  ETC. 

33.  Backfilling  within  2  feet  of  manholes,  house  connec- 
tion   drains,    receiving   basins,   inlet   basins,   flush   tanks   and 
other  structures  shall  be  of  the  same  quality  as  that  specified 
in  sections  31  and  32.    It  shall  be  uniformly  deposited  on  all 
sides  and  unless  otherwise  permitted  solidly  tamped  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  avoid  injuring  the  structures  or  producing 
unequal  pressures  thereon. 

PUDDLING. 

34.  Backfilling  shall,  if  required,  be  flooded  or  puddled 
with  water  as  the  work  progresses,  instead  of  being  tamped. 

CAVITIES  FILLED. 

35.  When   sheeting   is   drawn,   all   cavities   remaining  in 
or  adjoining  the  trench  shall  be  solidly  filled.    When  sheeting 
is  left  in  place,  all  cavities  behind  such  sheeting  shall  be  sol- 
idity filled  as  directed. 

DEFIENCY'  OF  FILLING. 

36.  Unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  trenches  shall 
be  backfilled  to  the  height  of  the  surface  of  the  ground  as  it 
existed  at  the  commencement  of  the  work.     Should  there  be 
a  deficiency  of  proper  material  for  the  purpose,  the  Contractor 
shall  furnish  and  place  such  additional  material  as  may  be 
required. 

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TEMPORARY  BULKHEADS. 

37.  For   retaining   backfilling   only   temporary   bulkheads 
will  be  allowed.     Such  bulkheads  shall  not  be  of  stone,  and 
they  shall  be  removed  as  the  trenches  are  backfilled. 

CURVES,  BRANCHES,  ETC.,  NOT  To  BE  COVERED. 

38.  Sewers  built  on  curves,  also  drains,  basin  connections, 
house  and  sewer  connections  and  intersections,  ends  of  sew- 
ers and  branches  shall  not  be  covered  until  the  Engineer  shall 
have   inspected,   measured   and   located   the   same,   and   given 
permission  to  backfill  the  trenches  over  them. 

REMOVAL  OF  SURPLUS  MATERIAL. 

39.  As  trenches  are  backfilled,  the  Contractor  shall  remove 
all  surplus  material  and  re  grade  and  leave  free,  clear  and  in 
good  order  all  roadways  and  sidewalks  to  within  . .  .  feet  of 
the  end  of  the  completed  work.     During  the  progress  of,  and 
until  the  final  payment  for  and  acceptance  of,  the  work,  he 
shall  maintain  in  good  and  safe  condition  the  surface  of  the 
street  over  all  trenches,  and  promptly  fill  all  depressions  over 
and  adjacent  to  trenches  caused  by  settlement  of  backfilling. 
In  case  of  failure  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  Contractor 
to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  this  paragraph  within  24 
hours  after  the   service  upon  him  of  a  written  notice  so  to 
do,   the    .  .  .    may  furnish   all  materials   and   do   all  work  re- 
quired, and  the  cost  thereof  will  be  charged  to  the  Contractor 
and  deducted  from  any  moneys  due  or  to  become  due  him 
under  this  contract.     All  surplus  material  or  any  part  thereof 
shall,  if  required,  be  deposited  as  directed  on  the  streets  and 
avenues  within  the  limits  of  this  contract  where  surfaces  are 
below  grade,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  the  surfaces 
of  the  filled  material  even. 

COST  INCLUDED. 

40.  The  cost  of  all  labor  required  to  be  done  and  all  ma- 
terials  required   to   be   furnished   in   the   performance   of   all 

12 


the  work  specified  in  sections  31  to  39,  inclusive,  shall  be  cov- 
ered by  all  the  prices  for  the  items  for  which  prices  are  named 
in  the  contract. 


CEMENT. 
QUALITY. 

41.  All  cement  used  in  the  work  shall  be  high-grade  Port- 
land cement  of  well-established  and  approved  brands. 

SPECIFIC   GRAVITY;  WEIGHT. 

42.  The  cement  shall  have  a  specific  gravity  of  not  less 
than  3.10  after  being  thoroughly  dried  at  212°   F:     It  shall 
weigh  not  less  than  376  pounds  net,  to  the  barrel,  4  bags  of 
94  pounds  each  being  considered  equivalent  to  a  barrel.     For 
the  purpose  of  measurement  one  bag  shall  be  considered  as 
the  equivalent  of  one  cubic  foot. 

FINENESS. 

43.  The  cement  shall  be  dry,  finely  ground,  of  uniform 
color  and  free  from  lumps.     It  shall  leave  a  residue  of  not 
more  than  8  per  cent,  by  weight  when  passed  through  a  No. 
100  sieve,  and  not  more  than  25  per  cent,  when  passed  through 
a  No.  200  sieve. 

TENSILE  STRENGTH. 

44.  Standard  briquettes  shall  develop,  within  the  periods 
specified,  tensile  strength  not  less  than  that  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing table : 

NEAT   CEMENT.  Lbs.  per  sq. 

in. 
24   hours   in   moist   air 175 

7  days   (1  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in  water) 500 

28  days    (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 600 

Mortar  consisting  of  1  part  cement  and  3  parts  of  standard 
Ottawa  sand,  by  weight. 

7  days   (1  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in  water) 180 

28  days   (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 225 

13 


The  average  of  the  tensile  strength  developed  at  each  age 
by  the  briquettes  in  any  set  from  one  sample  will  be  consid- 
ered the  strength  of  the  sample  at  that  age,  excluding  any 
results  that  are  manifestly  faulty.  The  average  strength  of 
briquettes  at  28  days  shall  be  greater  than  the  average  strength 
at  7  days,  and  if  tests  are  made  after  28  days  the  strength 
shall  be  not  less  than  that  at  28  days. 

SOUNDNESS. 

45.  Pats  of  neat  cement,   when  tested  for  constancy  of 
volume  or  soundness,  shall  remain  firm  and  hard  and  show 
no  sign  of  checking,  cracking,  distortion  or  disintegration. 

SETTING. 

46.  Unless  otherwise  required,  cement  shall  not  develop 
initial  set  in  less  than  .30  minutes,  and  shall  develop  final  set 
in  not  less  than  1  hour  nor  more  than  10  hours.     Quick-set- 
ting cement  of  an  approved  brand  shall,  if  required,  be  kept 
on  the  work  in  sufficient  quantity  to  provide  for  any  contin- 
gency requiring  the  use  of  the  same. 

TESTING. 

47.  Cement  will  be  subjected  to  such  tests  as  the  Engineer 
may  deem  necessary,  and  such  tests  will  be  made  in  accordance 
with  the  methods  recommended  by  the  Committee  on  Uniform 
Tests  of  Cement  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

RE-TESTING. 

48.  Any  cement  which  shall  have  been  kept  in  storage 
after  testing  for  a  sufficient  time  to  warrant  it,  shall  be  re- 
tested.     Any  prior  acceptance  shall  be  considered  void  and 
the  acceptance  or  rejection  of  the  cement  shall  depend  upon 
the  results  of  the  latest  tests. 

APPROVAL  OF  BRAND  MAY  BE  RESCINDED. 

49.  The  engineer  may  at  any  time  rescind  the  approval  of 
any   brand   of   cement  that   develops   qualities   which  in  his 
opinion  unfit  it  for  use  in  the  work. 

14 


SAMPLES. 

50.  The.  contractor  shall  notify  the  engineer  of  the  arrival 
of  cement  on  the  work,  and  furnish  such  facilities  as  may  be 
required  for  obtaining  samples  for  testing.     Samples  will  be 
taken  so  as  to  fairly  represent  the  material.     The  number  of 
packages  sampled  and  the  quantity  to  be  taken  from  each  will 
depend  upon  the  importance  of  the  work  and  the  number  of 
tests  to  be  made. 

DELIVERY  AND  S TOEING. 

51.  Cement  shall  be  delivered  on  the  work  in  barrels  or 
approved  bags  of  uniform  size  with  the  brand  and  the  name  of 
the  manufacturer  plainly  marked  thereon,  and  shall  be  imme- 
diately stored  in  a  dry  place  and  carefully  protected  from  the 
weather.     A  sufficient  stock  of  cement  shall  be  kept  on  the 
work  in  advance  of  the  necessity  for  its  use  to  permit  of  the 
making  of  the  required  seven-day  tests.     Except  by  written 
permission,  no  cement  shall  be  used  before  it  has  been  tested 
and  accepted,  and  any  concrete  or  masonry  which  may  have 
been  made  under  such  permission  with  cement  that  is  subse- 
quently rejected,  shall  be  removed  and  replaced  with  concrete 
or  masonry  made  of  accepted  cement.    All  cement  found  to  be 
of  improper  or  inferior  quality  shall  be  immediately  removed 
from  the  site  of  the  work. 

COST  TO  BE  COVERED. 

52.  The  cost  of  furnishing,  storing  and  incorporating  ce- 
ment in  the  work,  and  the  cost  of  samples  required  for  testing, 
shall  be  covered  by  the  contract  prices  for  the  structures  or 
classes  of  work  in  connection  with  which  the  cement  it  used. 


MORTAR. 
COMPOSITION. 

53.  All  mortar  used  in  the  work,  unless  otherwise  specified, 
shall  be  composed  of  1  volume  of  cement,  as  in  the  original 
package,  and  2  volumes  of  sand.  Mortar  used  in  the  haunch 
f  15 


walls  of  brick  sewers  shall  be  composed  of  1  volume  cement 
and  3  volumes  of  sand. 

SAND. 

54.  The   sand  shall   be   clean   and   sharp,  free  from  dirt, 
loam,   mica   and  organic  matter,  and  shall  contain  not  more 
than  8  per  cent,  by  volume  of  clay,  and  no  clay  shall  be  artifici- 
ally added. 

MIXING. 

55.  Mortar  shall  be  mixed  in  a  suitable  box  or  on  a  tight 
platform,  and  never  upon  the  ground.     The  cement  and  sand 
shall  be  thoroughly  mixed  dry,  until  the  mixture  has  a  uni- 
form color.     Clean,  fresh  water  shall  then  be  added  and  the 
mass  worked  until  a  mortar  which  is  uniform  and  of  the  re- 
quired consistency  is  produced.     Mortar  shall  be  mixed  in  no 
greater  quantity  than  is  required  for  the  work  in  hand,  and 
any  that  has  set  sufficiently  to  require  retempering  shall  not 

be  used. 

FREEZING  WEATHER. 

56.  The   mixing   and   use   of  mortar   in  freezing  weather 
shall  be  subject  to  the  same  requirements  as  hereinafter  speci- 
fied for  mixing  and  placing  concrete  under  similar  conditions. 

COST  COVERED. 

57.  The  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish 
and  place  mortar  in  the  work,  as  specified,  shall  be  covered  by 
the  contract  price  for  the  structure  or  class  of  work  in  con- 
nection with  which  the  mortar  is  used. 


CONCRETE. 
CLASS  A  CONCRETE. 

58.  Class  A  concrete  shall  be  made  of  1  part  of  cement, 
2  parts  of  sand  and  4  parts  of  broken  stone  or  gravel. 

Broken  stone  for  Class  A  concrete  shall  be  hard,  sound  and 
durable  and  shall  not  contain  loam,  clay,  organic  matter,  ob- 
jectionable quantities  of  dust  or  other  improper  material. 

10 


Broken  stone  for  Class  A  concrete  shall  be  the  run  of  the 
crusher  that  will  pass  through  a  screen  with  circular  openings 
1  inch,  li£  inch  and  2  inches  in  diameter  and  be  retained  on  a 
screen  with  openings  %  inch  in  diameter.  Gravel  shall  be  of 
hard,  sound,  durable  material  equal  in  quality  to  that  specified 
for  broken  stone.  It  shall  be  clean  and  of  the  sizes  herein 
specified  for  broken  stone. 

CLASS  B  CONCRETE. 

59.  Class  B  concrete  shall  be  made  of  1  part  of  cement, 
2y2  parts  of  sand  and  5  parts  of  broken  stone  or  gravel. 

Broken  stone,  gravel  and  sand  for  Class  B  concrete  shall  in 
all  respects  comply  with  the  requirements  specified  for  the 
same  materials  for  Class  A  concrete. 

CLASS  C  CONCRETE. 

60.  Class  C  concrete  shall  be  made  of  1  part  of  cement, 
3  parts  of  sand  and  6  parts  of  broken  stone  or  gravel.    Broken 
stone  for  Class  C  concrete  shall  be  the  run  of  the  crusher  that 
will  pass  through  a  screen  with  circular  openings  1  inch,  1% 
inch  and  2  inches  in  diameter  and  be  retained  on  a  screen  with 
circular  openings  Vs   inch  in  diameter.     Gravel  for  Class  C 
concrete  shall  be  as  specified  for  Class  A  concrete. 

Broken  stone,  gravel  and  sand  for  Class  C  concrete  shall 
in  all  respects  comply  with  the  requirements  for  similar  ma- 
terials for  Class  A  concrete,  except  as  to  sizes  as  above  spec- 
ified. 

RUBBLE  CONCRETE. 

61.  Rubble  concrete  shall  consist  of  Class  B  concrete  with 
large  stones  embedded  therein. 

The  embedded  stones  shall  be  hard,  sound  and  durable, 
roughly  cubical  in  shape  and  of  such  sizes  as  may  be  deemed 
suitable  for  the  mass  in  which  they  are  to  be  used.  They  shall 
be  laid  on  their  largest  beds  and  be  so  placed  in  the  work 
that  they  will  not  be  nearer  than  9  inches  to  the  bottom  of  a 
footing,  to  an  expansion  joint,  to  any  surface  or  to  each  other. 
The  stones  after  having  been  thoroughly  cleaned  and  wetted 

17 


shall  be  firmly  bedded  in  the  concrete.  The  joints  shall  then 
be  filled  and  the  stones  covered  with  concrete  to  such  a  depth 
that  the  spacing  specified  will  be  obtained.  The  stones  shall 
not  be  placed  directly  on  any  concrete  which  has  acquired  its 

initial  set. 

MEASURING  INGREDIENTS. 

62.  For  the  purpose   of  determining  the  proportions   of 
the  materials  for  concrete,  each  bag  of  cement  will  be  con- 
sidered as  containing  1  cubic  foot  and  the  other  ingredients 
shall  be  measured  by  an  approved  method. 

WATER. 

63.  Only  clean,  fresh  water  shall  be  used  for  concrete. 

MIXING. 

64.  Unless  permitted  to  be  mixed  by  hand,  concrete  shall 
be  mixed  in  approved  mechanical  batch  mixers,  so  constructed 
and  operated  that  the  ingredients  of  the  concrete  may  be  ac- 
curately measured  and  will  be  thoroughly  mixed.     Enough 
water  shall  be  added  during  the  mixing  to  bring  the  concrete 
to  the  required  consistency,  which  for  concrete  laid  in  place 
shall  generally  be  such  that  the  concrete  may  be  poured  into 
place  without  causing  the  separation  of  the  stones  from  the 
mortar.     When  concrete  is  mixed  by  hand  the  broken  stone 
or  gravel  shall  be  thoroughly  wet  before  it  is  used.     The  ce- 
ment and  sand  shall  be  mixed  in  the  proper  proportions  dry 
until  the  mixture  has  a  uniform  color.    It  shall  then  be  made 
into  mortar  of  the  desired  consistency.    The  broken  stone  shall 
be  added  and  the  entire  mass  turned  until  each  stone  is  en- 
tirely coated  with  mortar. 

PLACING  CONCRETE. 

65.  Concrete    shall   be   mixed   only   in   such   quantity   as 
is  required  for  the  work  in  hand,  and  any  that  has  set  suf- 
ficiently to  require  re-tempering  shall  not  be  used.    Any  con- 
crete in  which  the  water  has  separated  from  the  solid  matter 
shall  be  satisfactorily  remixed  before  being  placed.    The  con- 

18 


crete  shall  be  so  deposited  in  the  work  as  to  prevent  the  separa- 
tion- of  the  stone  from  the  mortar.  It  shall  be  deposited  in  as 
nearly  a  continuous  operation  as  practicable  and  shall  be 
worked,  tamped,  spaded  or  rammed  with  suitable  tools  to 
produce  a  dense  and  compact  mass.  When  the  operation  of 
placing  concrete  is  interrupted  the  concrete  in  the  work  shall, 
if  required,  be  confined  by  suitable  temporary  forms  or  bulk- 
heads. When  concrete  is  to  surround  re-inforcing  rods,  struct- 
ural steel  or  wire  netting,  it  shall  be  so  deposited  as  to  work 
closely  around  such  material.  When  a  comparatively  dry  con- 
crete is  used  it  shall  be  deposited  in  horizontal  layers  not 
exceeding  6  inches  in  depth  and  solidly  tamped. 

JOINING  OLD  AND  NEW  CONCRETE. 

66.  When  fresh  concrete   is  to  be  laid  on  or  adjoining 
concrete  already  set,  the  surface  of  the  latter  shall  be  thor- 
oughly cleaned,  washed  and  roughened,   and  coated  with  a 
grout  of  neat  cement  before  the  fresh ,  concrete  is  deposited. 

FORMS  AND  CENTERS. 

67.  The  Contractor  shall  provide  all  necessary  forms  and 
centers  for  shaping  concrete.     They  shall  be  true  to  the  re- 
quired  shapes   and  sizes,   strong   enough   and  so   secured  in 
place  as  to  withstand  all  operations  incidental  to  placing  the 
concrete,   and   watertight,   and  the   faces   against  which   the 
concrete  is  to  be  placed  shall  be  satisfactorily  smooth  and 
clean.    When  lumber  is  used  in  forms  and  centers  for  exposed 
faces  it  shall  be   of  seasoned  stock  and  shall  be  coated  as 
directed  with  an  approved  lubricant. 

REMOVAL  OF  FORMS  AND  CENTERS. 

68.  Forms   and   centers  shall  be  left  in  place  until  the 
concrete  has  set  sufficiently  to  permit  their  removal  without 
danger  to  the  structure,  and  until  so  much  of  the  backfilling 
or  embankment  as  may  be  directed  has  been  put  in  place. 
No  forms  or  centers  shall  be  struck  or  removed  until  permis- 
sion to  do  so  has  been  given  by  the  Engineer. 

19 


EXPOSED   SURFACES. 

69.  Special  care  shall  be  used  to  secure  smooth  and  uni- 
form finish  to  the  surfaces  of  concrete  which  will  be  exposed 
in  the  completed  structure.  Immediately  after  the  removal 
of  the  forms  such  surfaces  if  uneven  shall  be  rubbed  smooth 
to  a  uniform  and  satisfactory  finish.  All  exposed  edges  of 
concrete  shall  be  neatly  rounded  as  directed,  and  if  any  voids, 
projections  or  other  imperfections  be  found,  such  defects  shall 
at  once  be  corrected  by  tooling,  cutting  out  and  filling  with 
mortar,  or  otherwise,  as  directed. 

EXPANSION  JOINTS. 

/O.  Expansion  joints  shall  be  provided  in  such  manner 
and  at  such  places  as  are  shown  on  the  plan  or  as  may  be 
directed.  All  unavoidable  joints  shall  be  made  as  shown  on 
the  plan  or  as  directed. 

DEPOSITING  CONCRETE  UNDER  WATER. 

71.  Whenever  it  becomes  necessary  to  place  concrete  un- 
der water,- it  shall  be  deposited  by  means  of  drop-bottom  buck- 
ets,  closed   chutes   or   other   approved  method.     Concrete   so 
deposited  shall  be  carefully  spread  without  tamping. 

FREEZING  WEATHER. 

72.  In   freezing   weather,   until   the   temperature   falls   to 
24°  F.  the  water  used  for  concrete  shall,  if  directed,  be  heated 
to  an  approved  temperature,  and  if  directed,  1  per  cent,  by 
weight  of  salt  shall  be  added  to  the  water  for  each  degree 
Fahrenheit  that  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  below  32°  F. 
Other   materials  for  concrete   shall  be  heated  sufficiently  to 
remove  all  frost  and  ice.     No  concrete  shall  be  laid  when  the 
temperature  of  the  air  is  below  24°  F. 

PROTECTION. 

7.3.  Concrete  shall  be  allowed  to  set  for  such  time  as 
may  be  directed  before  it  is  worked  or  walked  upon,  or  before 
backfilling  or  other  material  is  placed  upon  or  against  it.  It 

20 


shall  not  be  flooded  with  water  until  it  has  sufficiently  set. 
Concrete  shall  be  carefully  protected  from  injury  by  freez- 
ing and  from  the  drying  effects  of  the  sun  and  wind  by  cover- 
ing it  with  canvas,  bagging,  hay  or  other  suitable  and  ap- 
proved materials.  Such  protection  shall  be  placed  as  soon  as 
the  concrete  is  in  condition  to  receive  it,  and  except  in  freez- 
ing weather,  the  covering  as  well  as  the  concrete  shall  be 
kept  wet  for  such  time  as  may  be  directed. 

MEASUREMENT. 

74.  The  amount  of  concrete  to  be  paid  for  as  such  will 
be  all  concrete  put  in  place  as  shown  on  the  plan  or  as  directed, 
except  such  concrete  shown  on  the  plan  as  parts  of  structures 
for  which  there  are  contract  prices  and  the  cost  of  which  is 
hereinafter   specified   as   covered   by   the   contract   prices  for 
such  structures. 

PRICES  TO  COVER. 

75.  The   contract  prices   for  the  various   classes   of  con- 
crete shall  cover  the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required 
to  furnish,  place  and  remove  all  necessary  forms  and  centers, 
and    to    make,    place,    furnish    and    protect    the    concrete    as 
specified. 


BRICK   MASONRY. 
QUALITY  OF  BRICKS. 

76.  All  bricks  used  in  the  work  shall  be  sound  and  hard 
burned  throughout  and  of  uniform  size  and  quality.  If  re- 
quired, the  bricks  shall  be  culled  immediately  after  they  are 
brought  on  the  work  and  all  bricks  which  are  warped,  cracked 
or  of  improper  size,  shape  or  quality  shall  be  at  once  removed. 
The  proportion  of  bats  permitted  will  be  determined  accord- 
ing to  the  character  and  location  of  the  work  in  which  they 
are  to  be  used.  When  bricks  are  used  for  lining  inverts  and 
in  neat  arch  courses  of  sewers  they  shall  be  specially  selected 
and  no  bats  shall  be  used  except  for  closers. 

21 


VITRIFIED  BRICKS. 

77.  Where  shown  on  the  plan,  vitrified  bricks  of  approved, 
size  and  quality  shall  be  furnished  and  laid.     After  having 
been  thoroughly  dried   and  then  immersed  in  water  for  24 
hours  they  shall  not  absorb  more  than  4  per  cent,  of  their 

weight  of  water. 

How  DAID. 

78.  Bricks  shall  be  satisfactorily  wet  when  being  laid  and 
each  brick  shall  be  laid  in  mortar  so  as  to  form  full  bed,  end 
and  side  joints  in  one  operation.    The  joints  shall  be  not  wider 
than   %   inch,   except  when  the  bricks  are  laid  radially,  in 
which  case  the  narrowest  part  of  the  joint  shall  not  exceed 
1/4  inch.     The  bricks  shall  be  laid  in  a  workmanlike  manner, 
true  to  line,  and  wherever  practicable  the  joints  shall  be  care- 
fully struck  and  pointed  on  the  inside.     Brickwork  shall  be 
laid  with  a  satisfactory  bond,  and  as  it  progresses  shall  be 
racked  back  in  courses,  unless  otherwise  permitted. 


BRICKWORK. 
PROTECTION. 

79.  All  fresh  brickwork  shall  be  carefully  protected  from 
freezing  and  from  the  drying  effects  of  the  sun  and  wind,  and 
if  required,  it  shall  be  sprinkled  with  water  at  such  intervals 
and  for  such  a  time  as  may  be  directed.    Brickwork  shall  be 
protected  from  injuries  of  all  sorts,  and  all  portions  which 
may  become  damaged  or  may  be  found  defective  shall  be  re- 
paired, or  if  directed,  removed  and  rebuilt. 

FREEZING  WEATHER. 

80.  In  freezing  weather  bricks  shall  be  heated  when  di- 
rected, sufficiently  to  remove  all  ice  and  frost. 

MEASUREMENT. 

81.  The  amount  of  brick  masonry  to  be  paid  for  as  such 
will  be  all  brick  masonry  built,  as  shown  on  the  plan  or  as 

22 


directed,  except  such  brick  masonry  shown  on  the  plan  as 
parts  of  structures  for  which  there  are  contract  prices  and 
the  cost  of  which  is  hereinafter  specified  to  be  covered  by 
the  contract  prices  for  such  structures. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

82.  The  contract  price  for  brick  masonry  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  build  and  protect 
the  same  as  specified. 


CUT  STONES. 
MATERIALS. 

83.  Where  shown  on  the  plan,  cut  stones  of  the  required 
kind,  form,  dimensions  and  finish,  shall  be  furnished  and  ac- 
curately set  in  full  beds  of  mortar.    The  stones  shall  be  sound, 
durable  and  free  from  rifts,  seams  and  laminations,  and  other 

imperfections. 

COST  COVERED. 

84.  The  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  fur- 
nish and  set  cut  stones  as  specified  shall  be  covered  by  the 
contract  price  for  the  structure  or  class  of  work  in  connection 
with  which  they  are  used. 


CEMENTED  RUBBLE  MASONRY. 
MATERIALS. 

85.  Stones  for  rubble  masonry  shall  be  hard,  sound,  free 
from  checks  and  shakes,  as  nearly  rectangular  as  practicable, 
and  unless  used  for  trimming  or  closers,  not  less  than  6 
inches  thick.  The  stones  shall  be  cleaned  and  wetted  im- 
mediately before  being  placed  in  the  work;  they  shall  be  laid 
on  their  natural  beds,  in  full  beds  and  joints  of  mortar,  with 
spalls  firmly  embedded  therein.  In  walls,  one-third  of  the 
stones  shall  be  headers  extending  through  the  walls  where  the 
same  do  not  exceed  3  feet  in  thickness. 
f  23 


How  LAID. 

85a.  All  rubble  masonry  laid  in  mortar  shall  be  laid  to 
line,  thoroughly  and  satisfactorily  bonded,  and  in  courses 
roughly  levelled  up.  When  the  laying  of  rubble  masonry  in 
mortar  is  interrupted  the  tops  of  the  courses  shall  be  left  un- 
plastered.  No  dressing  or  tooling  shall  be  done  on  or  upon 
any  stone  after  it  is  in  place.  Immediately  before  any  rubble 
masonry  in  mortar  is  laid  on  or  against  any  such  masonry  in 
which  the  mortar  has  set,  the  surface  of  such  masonry  shall 
be  thoroughly  cleaned  and  wetted.  Rubble  masonry  laid  in 
mortar  shall  not  be  laid  in  freezing  weather. 

POINTING. 

86.  When  the  faces  of  rubble  masonry  laid  in  mortar  will 
be  exposed  to  view  in  the  finished  work,  the  joints  in  such 
faces  shall  be  raked  out  to  a  depth  of  not  less  than  1  inch 
and  neatly  pointed  with  mortar  composed  of  1  part  cement 

and  2  parts  sand. 

MEASUREMENT. 

87.  The  amount  of  rubble  masonry  laid  in  mortar  to  be 
paid  for  as  such  will  be  all  cemented  rubble  masonry  built 
as  shown  on  the  plan  or  as  directed,  except  such  shown  on 
the  plan  as  being  part  of  structures  for  which  there  are  con- 
tract prices,  and  the  cost  of  which  is  hereinafter  specified  to 
be  covered  by  the  contract  prices  for  such  structures. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

88.  The  contract  price  for  cemented  rubble  masonry  shall 
cover  the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct 
the  same,  as  specified. 


DRY  RUBBLE  MASONRY. 

How  LAID. 

89.  Dry  rubble  masonry  shall  conform  to  the  require- 
ments specified  in  sections  85  and  87,  except  those  that  relate 
to  the  use  of  mortar.  All  joints  shall  be  thoroughly  pinned 
and  wedged  with  suitable  spalls. 

24 


PRICE  To  COVER. 

90.  The  contract  price  for  dry  rubble  masonry  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct  the 
same,  as  specified. 

STONE  BALLAST. 
QUALITY. 

91.  Stone  ballast  shall  be  broken  stone,  clean,  sound,  hard 
and  roughly  cubical  in  shape  and  unless  otherwise  shown  on 
the  plan  or  directed,  of  sizes  ranging  from  1  inch  to  4  inches. 
Cobbles,  if  satisfactory,  may  be  used. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

92.  The  contract  price  for  stone  ballast  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish  and  place 
the  same  as  specified. 

STRUCTURAL  STEEL. 
QUALITY. 

93.  All  structural  steel  used  shall  be  medium  steel  for 
members  and  rivet  steel  for  rivets  made  by  the  open  hearth 
process  and  shall  conform  to  the  latest  revised  Standard  Speci- 
fications for   Structural   Steel  for  Buildings  adopted  by  the 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  and  such  tests  as  may 
be  required  shall  be  made  in  accordance  therewith  and  at 
the  places  hereinafter  specified.     The  chemical  and  physical 
properties  of  the  steel  shall  be  as  follows: 

Properties  considered.  Medium  Steel.  Rivet  Steel. 

Phosphorus   (maximum) 0.06  per  cent.  0.06  per  cent. 

Ultimate    tensile    strength,    pounds    per 

square  inch   55,000-65,000  48,000-58,000 

Yiel'd  point    y2  ult.  tens.  str.  y*  ult.  tens.  str. 

Elongation,  per  cent,  in  8  inches 

(minimum)     1,400,000  1,400,000 


ult.  tens.   str.     ult.   tens.    str. 

Character  of  fracture Silky  Silky 

Cold     bend     without     fracture 180°      to      di-     180°   flat. 

ameter  of  one 

thickness. 

25 


FINISH. 

94.  All    finished    material    shall    be    free    from    injurious 
seams,  flaws  and  cracks,  and  have  a  workmanlike  finish. 

VARIATION  IN  WEIGHT. 

95.  When  steel  is  inspected  at  the  mill  or  shop  all  pieces 
(except  plates),   which   vary  in  weight  more   than  2%   per 
cent,  from  that  specified,  shall  be  rejected,  when  steel  is  not 
inspected  until  it  is  delivered  on  the  work  such  variation  in 
weight  will  be  sufficient  cause  for  rejection  when  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Engineer  the  safety  of  the  work  will  be  impaired 

thereby. 

WORKMANSHIP. 

96.  All  structural  steel  shall  be  in  accordance  with  the 
plan  and  approved  shop  drawings.    All  details  not  shown  on 
the  plan,  and  all  workmanship  and  finish  shall  be  equal  to 
the  best  current  practice  in  similar  work  for  buildings. 

ANCHOR  BOLTS. 

97.  Anchor  bolts  and  expansion  bolts  shall  be  furnished 
where  required   and  set  in  place   as   directed.     When  holes 
are  drilled  in  masonry  or  concrete  for  such  bolts,  the  holes 
shall  be  washed  clean  and  the  bolts  shall  be  firmly  embedded 
in  a  mortar  composed  of  equal  parts  of  cement  and  sand, 
unless  other  material  is  shown  on  the  plan. 

MELT  NUMBERS. 

98.  Test  specimens  and  every  finished  piece  of  steel  shall 
be   stamped   with  melt   or  blow  number,   except  that   small 
pieces  may  be  shipped  in  bundles  securely  wired  together, 
with  the  melt  or  blow  number  on  a  metal  tag  attached. 

TESTS  AND  INSPECTIONS. 

99.  The  required  tests  and  inspections  of  structural  steel 
shall,   if  directed,   be  made   at  the   mills  and  shops  by  the 
city's  authorized  inspector.     The  Contractor  shall  notify  the 
Engineer  as  to  the  mills  and  shops  which  are  to  supply  the 

26 


steel,  sufficiently  in  advance  to  enable  the  Engineer  to  ar- 
range for  such  tests  and  inspections  and  the  mills  and  shops 
shall  afford  every  facility  for  making  the  same. 

MILL  CERTIFICATES. 

100.  If  it  is  decided  not  to  make  the  tests  and  inspections 
at  the  mills,  then  mill  certificates  showing  the  properties  of 
each  melt  of  which  the  steel  is  made  will  be  accepted  for  con- 
sideration. 

.  SHIPPING  INVOICES. 

101.  The  Contractor  will  be  required  to  furnish  complete 
copies  of  shipping  invoices  with  each  shipment  of  steel. 

CERTIFICATES,   ETC.,   FOR  INFORMATION  ONLY. 

102.  Steel   will   not  be   accepted   until   the   required  in- 
spector's reports  or  mill  certificates  are  received.     All  tests, 
inspection,   reports   and   certificates   are  for  the  information 
of  the  Engineer,  and  he  shall  not  be  precluded  on  account 
thereof  from  requiring   or  making  any  further  tests  which 
he  may  deem  necessary. 

SHOP  DRAWINGS. 

103.  The  Contractor  shall  prepare  complete  and  accurate 
shop  drawings  of  all  steel  work,  and  no  shop  work  shall  be 
done  until  such  drawings  shall  have  been  approved.    The  Con- 
tractor shall  furnish  to  the  Engineer  3  complete  sets  of  prints 
of  the  approved  shop  drawings. 

PAINTING. 

104.  All  steel  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned  of  scale,  rust, 
oil  and  dirt,  and  unless  otherwise  directed,  those  parts  which 
are  not  to  be  bedded  in  concrete  shall  be  painted  with  a  prim- 
ing coat  of  the  best  red  lead  and  linseed  oil  or  such  other 
paint  of  equivalent  value  as  may  be  directed.    After  erection, 
the  metal  which  will  be  exposed  in  the  finished  work  shall 
be  evenly  painted  with  2  coats  of  approved  paint.    No  paint- 
ing shall  be  done  on  wet  surfaces. 

27 


MEASUREMENT. 

105.  The  amount  of  structural  steel  paid  for  as  such  will 
be  all  structural  steel  placed  in  the  work  in  accordance  with 
the  plan   or  directions,   except  any  excess   greater  than  2y2 
per  cent,  above  the  weight  required,  and  except  such  structural 
steel  shown  on  the  plan  as  part  or  parts  of  structures  for 
which  there  are  contract  prices,  and  the  cost  of  which  is  here- 
inafter specified  to  be  covered  by  the  contract  prices  for  such 

structures. 

PRICE  To  COVER.    - 

106.  The  contract  price  for  structural  steel  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  fabricate, 
erect  and  paint  the  same,  to  furnish  all  test  pieces,  to  pre- 
pare and  furnish  prints  of  shop  drawings,  and  to  drill  holes 
for  and  set  anchor  and  expansion  bolts,  where,  required,  all 
as  specified. 


STEEL  REINFORCEMENT  BARS. 
SHAPE. 

107.  Steel  bars  for  reinforcing  concrete  shall  be  of  such 
shape  as  to  afford  an  approved  mechanical  bond  with  the  con- 
crete and  to  insure  intimate  contact  between  the  steel  and 
concrete.     Plain  bars  may  be  used  only  when  shown  on  the 

plan. 

SAMPLES. 

108.  The  Contractor  shall  indicate  the  type  of  bars  pro- 
posed to  be  used  and  if  required  shall  furnish  samples  thereof, 
and  he  is  cautioned  not  to  place  the  order  for  bars  until  the 
type  has  been  approved. 

SIZE. 

109.  Each  bar  shall  have  a  net  cross  sectional  area  equiv- 
alent to  that  designated  on  the  plan  or  required,  or  it  shall 
be  the  commercial  size  of  the  approved  type  of  bar  having 
a  net  cross  sectional  area  next  larger  than  that  designated  or 
required. 

28 


VARIATION  IN  WEIGHT. 

110.  Reinforcement   bars   will   be   rejected   if   the   actual 
weight  varies  more  than  5  per  cent,  from  their  theoretical 
weight,  as  shown  by  the  manufacturer's  tables.    For  weighing 
reinforcement  bars  the  Contractor  shall,  whenever  required, 
provide  an  accurate  scale  of  an  approved  type,  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  not  less  than  500  pounds. 

QUALITY. 

111.  All  steel  for  reinforcement  bars  shall  be  made  by 
the  open  hearth  process,  and  shall  conform  to  the  latest  re- 
vised  Standard   Specifications  for   Steel   Reinforcement  Bars 
adopted  by  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

The  chemical  and  physical  properties  of  the  steel  shall  be 
as  follows: 

Properties  Structural  Steel  Grade.  Hard  Grade.* 

Considered.  Deformed  Deformed  Cold  twist- 

Plain  bars.       bars.     Plain  bars.       bats.  ed  bars. 

Phosphorus,  maximum 

B:ssemer    0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10 

0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05 

55,000 

to 
70,000 


0.10 
0.05 

55,000 
to 

70,000 


Recorded 
80,000  min.  80,000   min.    only. 


Open    Hearth    .... 
Ultimate    tensile 
strength    pounds    per 

sq.    inch    

Yield  point,   min- 
imum, pounds  per 

sq.  inch   

Elongation,  min- 
imum, per 
.cent,    in   8   inches.  1,400,000     1,250,000     1,200,000     1,000,000 


33,000         33,000          50,000         50,000         55,000 


5   per   cent. 


tens.  str.     tens.  str.    tens.  str.     tens.  str. 
Cold  bend  without 
fracture : 

Bars  under  24-in. 

in  diameter  or 

thickness .180°d=lt.  180°d=lt.  180°d=3t.  180°d=4t.  180°d=2t. 

Bars  ^4-in.  in 

diameter  or 

thickness  and 

over    180°d=lt  180°d=2t.   90°d=3t.    90°d=4t.  180°d=3t. 

The  hard  grade  will  be  used  only  when  specified. 
t=Nominal  thickness  or  diameter  of  bar. 


29 


112.  Reinforcement  bars  shall  be  rolled  from  billets  of 
new  steel;  they  shall  be  straight  and  free  from  seams,  flaws, 
cracks  and  imperfections  of  all  kinds. 

TESTS  AND  INSPECTIONS. 

US.  The  provisions  of  sections  95,  98,  99,  100  and  102 
relating  to  tests  and  inspections  of  structural  steel  shall  also 
apply  to  tests  and  inspections  of  steel  reinforcement  bars. 

114.  Test  pieces  18  inches  long  may  be  cut  from  any  of 
the  bars  delivered  on  the  work,  and  the  failure  of  any  test 
piece  to  meet  the  specified  requirements,  or  the  failure  of  any 
bar  when  being  tested  or  handled  shall  be  deemed  sufficient 
cause  for  the  rejection  of  all  steel  from  the  melt  from  which 
the  test  piece  or  bar  was  made. 

PROTECTION. 

115.  Bars  shall  be  protected  at  all  times  from  mechanical 
injury  and  from  the  weather,  and  when  placed  in  the  work 
they  shall  be  free  from  dirt,  scale-rust,  paint  and  oil.     Bars 
which  are  to  be  embedded  in  concrete,  but  which  remain  ex- 
posed for  some  time  after  being  placed  in  the  work,  shall,  if 
directed,  be  immediately  coated  with  a  thin  grout  of  equal 
parts  of  cement  and  sand. 

CUTTING  AND  BENDING. 

116.  Bars  shall  be  bent  to  the  shapes  shown  on  the  plan 
and  in  conformity  with  approved  templets.     When  bars  are 
cut  and  bent  on  the  work,  the  Contractor  shall  employ  com- 
petent men  and  shall  provide  the  necessary  appliances  for  the 

purpose. 

PLACING. 

117.  All  bars   shall  be   as  long   as   can   be   conveniently 
used,  accurately  bent,  placed,  spaced  and  jointed  as  shown  or 
directed,  and  they  shall  be  securely  held  in  their  positions  by 
approved  devices  until  the  concrete  has  been  placed  around 
them. 

30 


JOINTS. 

118.  Where  more  than  one  bar  is  necessary  to  complete 
a  required  length  the  joints  shall  be  made  by  means  of  ap- 
proved  clamps  which  will  develop  the  full  strength  of  the 
bars  or  by  looping  the  ends  of  the  bars  around  each  other 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  produce  and  maintain  tension  on  the 
joint  during  construction  or  by  lapping  the  ends  of  the  bars, 
as  directed,  and  wiring  them  together  in  an  approved  man- 
ner, or  by  lapping  the  ends  of  the  bars  for  a  distance  of  21 
times  their  nominal  diameters  for  deformed  bars,  and  40  times 
their  nominal  diameters  for  plain  bars,  and  with  a  space  not 
less  than  2  inches  between  them.     Joints  in  longitudinal  bars 
shall  be  staggered  as  directed. 

MEASUREMENT. 

119.  The  weight  of  steel  reinforcement  bars  paid  for  as 
such  will  be  the  weight  computed  from  the  lengths  and  theo- 
retical net  sections  of  the  steel  reinforcement  bars  placed  in 
the  work  in  accordance  with  the  plan  or  directions,  except 
such  steel  reinforcement  bars  shown  on  the  plan  as  part  or 
parts  of  structures  for  which  there  are  contract  prices,  and 
the  cost  of  which  is  hereinafter  specified  to  be  covered  by  the 
contract  prices  for  such  structures.     The  weight  paid  for  will 
not  include  the  lengths  of  bars  used  for  laps  or  wires,  clamps 
and  other  devices  used  for  spacing,  jointing  and  securing  the 
bars  in  place,  or  lugs,  corrugations  and  irregularities  which 
increase  the  weight  of  the  bars  above  the  weight  of  plain 
steel  bars  of  the  same  net  cross  sectional  areas,  the  cost  of 
all  of  which  shall  be  covered  by  the  price  bid  for  steel  rein- 
forcement bars.     In  computing  the  weight  of  bars,  1   cubic 
foot  of  steel  will  be  considered  to  weigh  489.6  pounds. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

120.  The  concrete  price  for  steel  reinforcement  bars  shall 
cover  the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish, 
clean,  cut,  bend,  place,  join,  secure  and  protect  the  same,  to 
furnish  all  test  pieces  and  samples,  all  as  specified. 

f.  31 


WIRE  NETTING. 
TYPE,  QUALITY,  ETC, 

121.  Wire  netting  of  approved  type  and  quality,  and  of 
the  mesh  and  gauge  of  wire  shown  on  the  plan  shall  be  fur- 
nished  and   placed   where    shown    or   directed.      The   netting 
shall  be  of  steel  wire.    When  placed  in  the  work,  wire  netting 
shall  be  free  from  dirt,  paint,  oil  and  rust-scale.     It  shall  be 
securely  held  in  place  by  an  approved  method  until  the  con- 
crete has  been  placed  around  it. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

122.  The  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  fur- 
nish and  place  wire  netting  as  specified  shall  be  covered  by 
the  contract  price  for  the  structure  or  class  of  work  in  con- 
nection with  which  it  is  used. 


EXPANDED  METAL. 
TYPE,  QUALITY,  ETC. 

123.  Expanded  metal  of  approved  type  and  quality  and 
of  the  weight  and  size  of  mesh  shown  on  the  plan  shall  be 
furnished  and  placed  where  shown  or  directed.     When  placed 
in  the  work,  it  shall  be  free  from  dirt,  scale,  rust,  paint  and 
oil.    It  shall  be  placed  in  position  with  adjoining  sheets  lapped 
1  mesh,  and  secured  by  an  approved  method  until  the  concrete 
has  been  placed  around  it, 

MEASUREMENT. 

124.  The  amount  of  expanded  metal  paid  for  as  such  will 
be  all  expanded  metal  placed  in  the  work  in  accordance  with 
the   plan   or  directions,   except   such   expanded  metal  shown 
on  the  plan  as  part  or  parts  of  structures  for  which  there  are 
contract  prices  for  such  structures,  and  which  is  hereinafter 
specified  to  be  covered  by  contract  prices  for  such  structures. 
The    amount   paid  for   will   not   include   waste   material   cut 
from  sheets,  nor  the  material  used  for  laps,  nor  wires,  clamps 

32 


and  other  devices  used  in  joining  and  securing  the  expanded 
metal  in  place,  the  cost  of  all  of  which  shall  be  covered  by 
the  contract  price  for  expanded  metal. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

125.  The  contract  price  for  expanded  metal  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  clean, 
cut,  bend,  place,  join  and  secure  the  same  as  specified. 


WROUGHT  IRON. 
QUALITY. 

126.  Wrought  iron  shall  be  double-rolled,  tough,  fibrous 
and  uniform  in  quality.    It 'shall  be  thoroughly  welded  in  roll- 
ing and  be  free  from  surface  defects.    It  shall  have  an  ultimate 
tensile  strength  of  at  least  48,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  a 
yield  point  of  25,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  an  elongation 
of  at  least  20  per  cent,  in  8  inches,  and  a  fracture  wholly 
fibrous.     Specimens  shall  bend  cold,  with  the  fiber,  through 
180  degrees  around  a  diameter  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the 
piece  tested.     When  nicked  and  bent  the  fracture  shall  be  at 
least  90  per  cent,  fibrous. 

GALVANIZING,  PAINTING. 

127.  When  required  by  the  plan  exposed  wrought  iron 
shall  be  thoroughly  and  uniformly  galvanized.     When  not  re- 
quired to  be  galvanized  exposed  wrought  iron  shall  be  painted 
as  specified  in  paragraph  104. 

MEASUREMENT. 

128.  The  amount  of  wrought  iron  paid  for  as  such  will 
oe  all  wrought  iron  placed  in  the  work  in  accordance  with 
the  plan   or  directions,   except  any  excess   greater  than  2y2 
per  cent,  above  the  weight  required,  and  except  such  wrought 
iron  shown  on  the  plan  as  part   or  parts  of  structures  for 
which  there  are  contract 'prices,  and  the  cost  of  which  is  here- 
inafter specified  to  be  covered  by  the  contract  prices  for  such 
structures. 

33 


PRICE  To  COVER. 

129.  The  contract  price  for  wrought  iron  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  fabricate, 
erect  and  galvanize  or  paint  the  same,  as  specified,  and  to 
furnish  all  test  pieces  required. 


IRON  CASTINGS. 
QUALITY. 

130.  Iron  castings  shall  be  of  the  best  foundry  pig  iron, 
gray,  tough  and  free  from  cold  shuts,  blow  holes  and  other 
imperfections.      (The   weight  shall  be   conspicuously  painted 
by  the  manufacturer  with  white  oil  paint  on  each  casting.) 
The  castings  shall  be  sound,  true  to  form  and  thickness,  clean 
and  neatly  finished.     Where  required  castings  shall  be  thor- 
oughly coated  with  coal  tar  pitch  varnish. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

131.  The  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  fur- 
nish, place  "and  coat  the  castings  as  specified,  shall  be  covered 
by  the  contract  price  for  the  structure  or  class  of  work  in 
connection  with  which  they  are  used. 


TIMBER. 

QUALITY. 

132.  All  timber  shall  be  ...  as  specified,  and  shall  be 
sound  and  free  from  shakes,  cracks,  large  or  loose  knots,  and 
other  defects  impairing  its  strength  or  durability.  It  shall 
be  squared  to  the  required  dimensions  throughout  its  entire 
length. 

PLACING. 

133..  Timber  shall  be  placed  as  shown  on  the  plan  or  di- 
rected, and  where  necessary  shall  be  firmly  spiked  or  bolted 
with  approved  nails,  spikes  or  bolts  6f  such  sizes  and  lengths 
and  at  such  places  and  in  such  numbers  as  shown  on  the  plan, 
or  as  directed. 

34 


MEASUREMENT. 

134.  The  amount  of  timber  to  be  paid  for  as  such  will 
be  all  timber  placed  in  the  work  in  accordance  with  the  plan 
or  directions,   except  piles  and  timber  sheeting  and  except 
such  timber  shown  on  the  plan  as  part  or  parts  of  structures 
for  which  there  are  contract  prices,  and  the  cost  of  which 
is  hereinafter  specified  to  be  covered  by  the  contract  prices 
for  such  structures.     The  amount  paid  for  will  not  include 
timber  used  for  forms,  templets,  centers,  scaffolds,  bridges  (un- 
less otherwise  specified),  fences,  guard  rails  or  other  tempo- 
rary structures,  the  cost  of  all  of  which  shall  be  covered  by 
all  the  contract  prices  for  all  the  items  for  which  there  are 
contract  prices.     No  deduction  will  be  made  in  the  measure- 
ment of  timber  on  account  of  the  spaces  occupied  by  the  piles. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

135.  The  contract  price  for  timber  shall  cover  the  cost 
of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  work,  place  and 
secure  the  same  as  specified. 


TIMBER  SHEETING. 
QUALITY,  PLACING,  ETC. 

136.  Timber  sheeting  and  the  rangers  and  braces  for  the 
same  shaH  be  of  a  satisfactory  quality  of  timber  and  of  suf- 
ficient size  and  strength  to  adequately  support  the  sides  of 
the  trenches   and  excavations.     Sheeting  shall  be  driven  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  avoid  cracking  and  splitting,  and  if  re- 
quired,   for   the   proper   prosecution    of   the   work,    shall   be 
tongued  and  grooved. 

WHEN  PAID  Fou. 

137.  Timber  sheeting  will  be  paid  for  as  such  only  when 
left  in  place  by  written  order.     When  sheeting  is  left  in,  so 
much  of  it  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  as  may  be  di- 
rected shall  be  cut  off. 

36 


.MEASUREMENT. 

138.  The   amount   of  timber   sheeting  to   be  paid  for   as 
such  will  be  all  timber  sheeting,  rangers  and  braces  left  in 
by  written  order,  and  will  not  include  sheeting,  rangers  and 
braces  left  in  place  without  such  order,  nor  sheeting  left  in 
place  because  concrete  is  placed  against  it,  nor  that  part  of 
the  sheeting  that  extended  above  the  uppermost  ranger  after 
fiaving  been  driven,  the  cost  of  all  of  which  shall  be  covered 
by  all  the  contract  prices  for  all  the  items  for  which  there 
are  contract  prices. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

139.  The   contract  price  for  timber  sheeting  shall   cover 
the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  place 
and  cut  off  the  sheeting,  rangers  and  braces  as  specified,  and 
shall  also  cover  the  cost  of  all  excavation  necessary  to  place 
the  same. 


PILES. 
QUALITY. 

140.  Piles  shall  be   of  yellow  pine   or    . .  . ,   as   specified, 
sound  and  free  from  splits,   shakes  and  other  imperfections 
impairing  their  strength  or  durability.    They  shall  be  straight, 
taper  uniformly  from  butt  to  point,  and  if  so  specified  shall 
be  barked.     Unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  they  shall 
conform  to  the  following  dimensions : 

Length   below   cut-off.  Minimum  dhmeter  Minimum  diameter 

at  point.  at  cut-off, 

inches.  inches. 

Less  than  20  feet 6  10 

20   feet  to   25   feet 6  11 

2G  feet  to  35  feet 6  12 

36    feet   to  45    feet 6  13 

46  feet  and  over • 6  14 

To  determine  the  necessary  length  of  piles  to  be  used  in 
the  work,  the  Contractor  may  be  required  to  drive  test  piles. 

141.  Each  pile  less  than  60  feet  long  shall  be  in  one  piece ; 
piles  longer  than  60  feet  may  be  spliced  in  an  approved  man- 

36 


ner.  The  small  ends  of  piles  shall  be  pointed,  and,  if  required, 
shall  be  shod  with  approved  iron  shoes.  The  butt  ends  shall 
be  cut  off  square  and  protected  while  driving  with  iron  bands 

or  caps. 

How   DRIVEN. 

142.  Piles  shall  be  driven  without  the  use  of  a  follower, 
unless  specially  permitted.     Pile  heads  that  become  split  or 
broomed  shall  be   cut   off  and  the   driving  continued.     Any 
pile  which  splits,  breaks  or  drives  unsatisfactorily  will  not  be 
paid  for,  and  it  shall  be  withdrawn  or  abandoned  and  another 
driven  in  place  of  it.     After  being  driven,  all  piles  shall  be 
accurately  cut  off  at  the  required  elevation. 

BEARING  PILES. 

143.  Bearing  piles  shall  be  driven  vertically  and  shall  be 
spaced  as  shown  on  the  plan  or  as  directed.     They  shall  be 
driven  to  a  satisfactory  refusal  by  a  hammer  having  a  concave 
face   and  weighing  not  less  than  2,000  pounds.     Refusal  in 
general  will  be  indicated  by  a  penetration  not  exceeding  1 
inch  per  blow  under  the  last  6  blows  of  a  2,000-pound  hammer 
falling  15  feet.     If  steam  hammer  pile  drivers  are  used,  the 
piles  shall  be  driven  so  that  their  bearing  power  shall  be  not 
less  than  that  of  piles  driven  as  herein  specified.     When  it 
is  shown  on  the  plan  or  specified  that  piles  are  to  be  driven 
to  a  certain  required  depth,  they  shall  be  driven  by  the  use 
of  a  water  jet,  hammer,  or  by  any  other  approved  method  as 
may  be  necessary  to  reach  this  depth. 

BRACE  PILES. 

144.  Where  shown  on  the  plan,  brace,  batter  or  spur  piles 
shall  be  driven  at  the  inclination  shown  or  directed,  and  the 
tops  shall  be  framed,  bolted,  or  strapped  to  adjoining  piles 
or  to  each  other  as  shown  on  the  plan. 

MEASUREMENT. 

145.  The  amount  of  piles  to  be  paid  for  will  be  the  total 
length  below  cut-off  of  all  piles  remaining  in  the  work  in  ac- 

37 


cordance  with  the  plan  or  directions,  and  the  total  length  of 
all  piles  used  only  as  test  piles.  Piles  driven  for  temporary 
use  will  not  be  paid  for. 

PKICE  To  COVER. 

146.  The  contract  price  for  piles  shall  cover  the  cost  of 
all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish,  drive  and  cut  off 
the  same  as  specified,  of  fastening  brace  piles,  and  of  furnish- 
ing and  placing  all  shoes,  bands,  bars,  straps,  bolts  and  other 
fastenings  required. 


CONCRETE  SEWERS. 
INVERTS. 

147.  Inverts  of  concrete  sewers  shall  be  formed  between 
transverse  templets  and  shall  be  screeded,  unless  other  material 
is  used  for  lining.  The  templets  shall  be  placed  at  such  in- 
tervals as  to  divide  the  invert  into  sections  of  suitable  size 
for  convenient  construction,  and  unless  otherwise  permitted, 
the  concrete  shall  be  deposited  in  alternate  sections  and  al- 
lowed to  set  before  the  remaining  sections  are  built.  Unless 
otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  a  layer  of  mortar  not  less  than 
y2  inch  thick  shall  be  spread  evenly  and  to  a  smoothly  fin- 
ished surface  upon  the  concrete  of  the  invert  as  soon  as  such 
concrete  is  in  place.  Where  the  radii  of  inverts  are  too  short 
to  permit  screeding  between  templets,  the  inverts  shall  be 
shaped  by  means  of  suitable  forms,  which  shall  be  removed 
as  soon  as  the  concrete  has  a  sufficient  set,  and  if  required, 
the  surfaces  of  inverts  shall  be  floated  or  troweled  to  a  smooth 
finish.  The  concrete  for  inverts  shall  be  deposited  contin- 
uously for  their  entire  cross  sections,  and  for  such  longitudinal 
distances  as  may  be  convenient.  Where  shown  on  the  plan, 
inverts  shall  be  lined  with  brick  masonry,  tile  or  other  ma- 
terial, which  shall  be  laid  at  such  times  and  in  such  manner 
as  may  be  directed.  Inverts  shall  be  carefully  protected  from 
all  injury  during  progress  of  the  work. 


SIDE  WALLS. 

-148.  Concrete  in  the  side  walls  of  sewers  shall  be  depos- 
ited continuously  to  the  height  directed  and  for  such  longi- 
tudinal distances  as  may  be  convenient.  . 

ROOF. 

149.  Concrete  in  the  roofs  of  sewers  shall  be  deposited 
continuously  for  the  full  depths  and  widths  of  the  roofs  and 
for  such  longitudinal  distances  as  may  be  convenient.     The 
outer  surfaces  of  roofs  shall  be  finished  with  an  excess  of  mor- 
tar and  left  true  and  smooth.     They  shall  be   covered  and 
protected  as  specified  in  section  73,  and  such  covering  shall 
remain  thereon  until  the  backfilling  or  embankment  is  placed. 

BULKHEADS. 

150.  While  being  deposited  concrete  for  sewers  shall  be 
confined  by  temporary  vertical  bulkheads  placed  at  such  in- 
tervals longitudinally  as  may  be  required  for  convenient  work- 
ing.    The  bulkheads  shall  be  so  designed  as  to  give  an  ap- 
proved shape  to  the  end  of  the  section  of  concrete  under  con- 
struction, shall  be  satisfactorily  secured  in  place  before  the 
concrete  is  deposited,  and  shall  remain  in  place  until  the  con- 
crete has  set  sufficiently  to  hold  its  shape. 

RE-INFORCEMENT. 

151.  Where  shown  on  the  plan  concrete  sewers  shall  be 
re-inforced  with  metal  of  the  dimensions  and  shapes  shown, 
and  of  the  quality  and  in  the  manner  hereinbefore  specified. 

MINIMUM  LENGTH  OF  INVERT. 

152.  Unless  otherwise  permitted  or  ordered,  not  less  than 
16  feet  of  foundation  or  invert  for  concrete  sewer  shall  be 
built  at  one  operation. 

CONNECTIONS. 

153.  Connections  and  branches  for  lateral  sewers  and  re- 
ceiving basins  shall  be  built  in  where  shown  on  the  plan  or 


where  directed.  Such  connections  and  branches  shall  be  closed 
with  bulkheads  of  brick  masonry  8  inches  thick  unless  other- 
wise shown  on  the  plan.  All  necessary  opening's  and  bulk- 
heads fgr  branch  sewers  shall  be  built  in  concrete  sewers 
where  shown  on  the  plan  or  where  directed. 

MEASUREMENT. 

154.  The  lengths  of  concrete  sewers  will  be  determined 
by  measurements  along  their  inverts  parallel  to  their  center 
lines.     No  deductions  will  be  made  on  account  of  openings 
at  branches  and  manholes.     The   measurement   of  a   branch 
concrete  sewer  will  be  made  from  the  inner  surface  of  the 
wall  of  the  main  sewer  to  which  it  connects.     A  reducer  will 
be  paid  for  at  the  contract  price  for  the  sewer  at  the  larger 
end  thereof. 

PRICES  To  COVER. 

155.  The  contract  prices  for  concrete  sewers  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock,  when  there 
is  a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  furnishing,  main- 
taining and  removing   all  forms,   centers  templets,   and  tem- 
porary bulkheads ;   of  all  openings  and  bulkheads ;   also  the 
removal  of  all  bulkheads  in  the  ends  of  sewers  to  which  con- 
nection is  made  by  the  sewers  in  this  contract ;  of  all  back- 
filling ;   of  all   embankments  required ;   and  of  all  labor  and 
materials  required  to  construct  concrete  sewers  as  shown  by 
the  normal  sections  on  the  plan  and  as  specified. 


BRICK  SEWERS. 
INVERTS. 

156.  Inverts  of  brick  sewers  shall  conform  to  lines  drawn 
between  transverse  templets,  and  shall  be  lined  with  specially 
selected  bricks,  unless  vitrified  bricks  are  called  for  on  the 
plan;  no  bats  shall  be  used  except  for  closers. 

ARCHES. 

157.  The  arches  of  brick  sewers  shall  be  built  on  sub- 
stantial  centers   and   shall  be  keyed  with   stretchers  in  full 

40 


joints  of  mortar.  No  bats  shall  be  used  in  the  neat  courses 
except  for  closers.  The  centers  shall  be  true  to  the  required 
shapes  and  sizes  and  shall  be  strong  enough  and  so  secured 
in  place  as  to  withstand  all  operations  incidental  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  arches.  The  extrados  of  the  arches  shall  be 
smoothly  and  evenly  plastered  with  a  layer  of  mortar  y2  incn 
thick.  The  centers  shall  be  left  in  place  until  the  mortar 
has  set  sufficiently  to  permit  their  removal  without  danger 
to  the  arches,  and  until  the  trench  is  backfilled  for  its  full 
width  to  a  height  of  at  least  1  foot  above  the  crown  of  the 
extrados  of  the  arches.  No  centers  shall  be  struck  or  removed 
until  permission  to  do  so  has  been  given. 

MINIMUM  LENGTH  OF  CRADLE. 

158.  Unless  otherwise  permitted  or  ordered,  not  less  than 
16  feet  of  foundation  or  cradle  for  brick  sewer  shall  be  built 
at  one  operation. 

BRANCHES,  MEASUREMENTS,  ETC. 

159.  The    construction   of   connections   and   branches   for 
lateral  sewers  and  receiving  basins,  and  of  openings  and  bulk- 
heads and  the  measurement  of  brick  sewers  shall  in  all  re- 
spects conform  with  the  requirements  hereinbefore  specified 

for  concrete  sewers  in  sections  153  and  154. 

1* 

PRICES  To   COVER. 

160.  The  contract  prices  for  brick  sewers  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  necessary  excavation   (except  rock,  when  there  is 
a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  furnishing,  placing, 
maintaining   and  removing  all   templets   and  centers;   of  all 
openings  and  bulkheads,  also  the  removal  of  all  bulkheads  in 
the  ends  of  sewers  to  which  connection  is  made  by  the  sewers 
in  this  contract;   of  all  backfilling;   of  all  embankments  re- 
quired; and  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct 
brick  sewers  as  shown  by  the  normal  sections  on  the  plan  and 
as  specified. 

41 


VITRIFIED  PIPE  SEWERS. 
VITRIFIED  PIPE. 

161.  Vitrified  pipe  sewers  and  house  connections  shall  be 
built  of  shale  or  clay  hub  and  spigot  pipes  with  deep  and 
wide  sockets.     The  pipes  shall  be  manufactured  at  a  suitable 
temperature,   to   secure   a  tough,   vitreous   material,   without 
warps,  cracks  or  other  imperfections,  and  shall  be  fully  and 
smoothly  salt-glazed  over  the  entire  inner  and  outer  surfaces, 
except  that  the  inside  of  the  hub  and  the  outside  of  the  spigot 
may  be  unglazed  for  two-thirds  of  the  depth  of  the  hub.    On 
all  other  portions  of  the  pipe  the  glazing  shall  completely 
cover  and  form  an  integral  part  of  the  pipe  body.     If  not 
left  unglazed  the  inside  of  the  hub  and  the  outside  of  the 
spigot  shall  be  scored  in  3  parallel  lines  extending  completely 
around  the  circumference. 

When  it  is  broken,  vitrified  pipe  shall  show  dense  and 
solid  material,  without  detrimental  cracks  or  laminations;  it 
shall  be  of  such  toughness  that  it  can  be  worked  with  a  chisel 
and  hammer,  and  when  struck  with  a  hammer,  it  shall  have 
a  metallic  ring. 

IDENTIFICATION  MARKS. 

162.  Each  pipe  shall  have  clearly  impressed  on  its  outer 
surface  the  name  of  the  manufacturer  and  of  the  factory  in 
which  it  was  made. 

SHAPE  AND  DIMENSIONS. 

163.  The  sizes  of  the  pipes  are  designated  by  their  in- 
terior diameters.     Each  pipe  shall  be  a  cylinder  with  a  cir- 
cular section,  and  shall  have  a  uniform  thickness. 

164.  The   minimum  lengths,  thicknesses,   depths  of  hubs 
and  annular  spaces  for  the  respective  sizes  of  vitrified  pipes 
shall  be  as  follows: 


42 


Annular 

Size.  Length.  Thickness.  Depth  of  socket.          space. 

inches.'  feet.  inch.  inches.  inch. 

6    not  less  than  2  fg  2^  ft 

8    not  less  than  2  y4  2ft  y& 

10    not  less  than  2  7/8  2^4  ft 

12    not  less  than  213^ 

15    not  less  than  2  1}4  3  ^ 

18    not  less  than  2  V/2  &A  5/s 

20    not  less  than  2  12-3  3^  5/8 

22    not  less  than  2  1  5-6  3^4  ^ 

24    not  less  than  224^ 

27    not  less  than  2^  2*4  4  H 

30    not  less  than  2^  2^  4  ft 

33    not  less  than  2^  2^  5  1*4 

36    not  less  than  2%  2^  5  1^4 

42    not  less  than  2^  3^  5  1# 


CURVES^  BENDS^  ETC. 

165.  Where  curved  pipes  are  required  they  shall  be  fur- 
nished in  either  one-eighth  or  one-quarter  bends  of  their  re- 
spective sizes.    Curved  pipes,  bends,  siphons,  and  special  pipe 
of  the  sizes  and  forms  shown  on  the  plan  shall  be  furnished 
and  laid,   and  unless  otherwise  provided  they  will  be  paid 
for  at  the  contract  prices  for  the  corresponding  sizes  of  vitri- 
fied pipe  sewers. 

SAMPLES  FOR  TESTING. 

166.  Any  or  all  of  the  following  tests  may  be  applied  to 
samples  selected  by  the  Engineer  from  the  pipe  delivered  on 
the  work.     For  the  purpose  of  making  such  tests  as  may  be 
required  the  Contractor  shall  furnish  and  deliver,  when  di- 
rected, and  at  the  place  required,  one  length  of  pipe  for  each 
200  feet  of  pipe  sewer  to  be  laid. 

CRUSHING  TESTS. 

167.  When  supported  at  the  bottom  upon  a  knife  edge 
one  inch  in  width  in  such  manner  that  an  even  bearing  is 
provided  throughout  the  whole  length,  exclusive  of  the  bell, 
and  pressure  is   applied   at  the  crown  uniformly  through  a 

43 


Pressure. 
Ibs.  per  Hn.  ft. 

Diameter, 
inches. 

Pressure. 
Ibs.  per  lin.  ft. 

900 

22 

1750 

900 

24 

1950 

1000 

27 

2150 

1050 

30 

2350 

1250 

33 

2500 

1400 

36 

2800 

1550 

42 

3200 

similar  knife  edge,  the  various  sizes  of  pipe  shall  withstand 
the  following  pressures: 

Diameter, 
inches. 

6 

8 
10 
12 
15 
18 
20 

DROP  WEIGHT  TEST. 

168.  When  supported  on  a  dry  sand  bed  2  inches  deep, 
all  pipe  shall  withstand  without  cracking  the  impact  from  2 
blows  of  a  cast  iron  ball  weighing  8  pounds  falling  18  inches. 
Spurs  shall  resist  without  fracture  the  impact  from  2  blows 
of  such  a  ball  falling  6  inches  and  striking  on  the  extreme 
end  of  the  hub  of  the  spur. 

HYDROSTATIC  TEST.. 

169.  When  subjected  to  an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure 
of  10  pounds   per   square  inch,  vitrified  pipe   shall  show  no 
percolation. 

ABSORPTION  TEST. 

170.  After   having   been   thoroughly   dried   and  then   im- 
mersed in  water  for  24  hours,  sample  pieces  of  vitrified  pipe 
about  10  square  inches  superficial  area  with  all  broken  edges 
shall  not  absorb  more  than  5y2,  per  cent,  of  their  weight  of 
water. 

FACTORY  REJECTION. 

171.  The  entire  product  of  any  pipe  factory  may  be  re- 
jected when,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Engineer,  the  methods 
of  manufacture  fail  to  guarantee  uniform  results,  or  where 
the  materials  used  are  such  as  produce  inferior  pipe,  as  in- 
dicated by  repeated  failure  to  comply  with  the  tests  herein 
specified. 

44 


CRADLES. 

172.  In  earth  trenches  pipe  sewers  shall  be  laid  in  con- 
crete cradles  when  required  by  the  plan.     In  rock  trenches 
pipe   sewers   shall  be  laid  in  cradles  of  concrete,   gravel  or 
broken  stone  or  sand  as  shown  on  the  plan. 

WITHOUT  CRADLE. 

173.  When  the  sewer  is  to  be  laid  without  a  cradle  the 
trench  shall  be  excavated  as  specified  in  paragraph  15,  and 
the  earth  forming  the  bed  carefully  freed  of  stones.    The  pipe 
shall  then  be  evenly  bedded  therein,  the  joint  properly  made 
and  the  backfilling  placed  and  firmly  tamped  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  avoid  disturbing  the  sewer. 

CONCRETE  CRADLE. 

374,.  When  the  sewer  is  to  be  laid  in  a  concrete  cradle, 
the  method  of  procedure,  otherwise  directed  or  permitted, 
shall  be  as  follows,  viz :  The  concrete  for  the  full  width  of 
the  cradle  shall  be  deposited  continuously  to  the  height  of 
the  outside  bottom  of  the  pipe.  Before  the  concrete  has  set 
the  pipe  shall  be  evenly  bedded  therein  and  the  remainder 
of  the  concrete  immediately  deposited  and  carefully  tamped 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  avoid  disturbing  the  sewer. 

GRAVEL  OR  BROKEN  STONE  CRADLE. 

175.  When  the  sewer  is  to  be  laid  in  a  gravel  or  broken 
stone  cradle,  the  latter  shall  consist  of  clean  gravel  or  sound 
broken  stone,  all  of  which  will  pass  through  a  1-inch  mesh, 
and  be  retained  on  a  %-inch  mesh  screen.  The  gravel  or 
broken  stone  shall  be  deposited  and  tamped  for  the  full 
width  of  the  trench  to  the  height  of  the  outside  bottom  of  the 
pipe.  The  pipe  shall  then  be  bedded  therein  and  the  remain- 
der of  the  gravel  or  broken  stone  deposited  and  carefully 
tamped  in  such  a  manner  as  to  avoid  disturbing  the  sewer. 

45 


How  LAID. 

176.  All  pipes  shall  be  laid  with  ends  abutting  and  true 
to  line   and   grade.     The  pipes   shall  be  fitted  together  and 
matched   so   that   when   laid   in   the   work   they   will   form   a 
sewer  with  a  smooth  and  uniform  invert.     Unless  otherwise 
permitted  or  directed,  not  less  than   . .  .   feet  of  pipe  sewer 
shall  be  laid  in  one  operation. 

177.  Unless   otherwise   shown   on  the   plan,  the  joints   of 
vitrified  pipe  sewers  shall  be  made  as  hereinafter  specified  in 
section  179. 

PLAIN  MORTAR  JOINTS. 

178.  Plain  mortar  joints  shall  be  made  in  the  following 
manner:     Before  a  pipe  is  laid,  the  lower  half  of  the  hub  of 
the  preceding  pipe  shall  be  plastered  on  the  inside  with  stiff 
mortar  mixed  1  to  1,  and  of  sufficient  thickness  to  bring  the 
inner  bottoms  of  the  abutting  pipes  flush  and  even.     After 
the  pipe  is  laid,  the  remainder  of  the  hub  shall  be  thoroughly 
filled   with   similar   mortar   and   the   joint   wiped   inside   and 
finished  to-  a  smooth  bevel  outside. 

GASKET   AND   MORTAR  JOINTS. 

179.  Gasket  and  mortar  joints  shall  be  made  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner:    A  closely  twisted  hemp  or  oakum  gasket  of 
suitable  diameter,  in  no  case  less  than  %  inch,  and  in  one 
piece  of  sufficient  length  to  pass  around  the  pipe  and  lap  at 
the  top,  shall  be  solidly  rammed  into  the  annular  space  be- 
tween the  pipes  with  a  suitable  calking  tool.     Before  being 
placed,  the  gasket  shall  be  saturated  with  neat  cement  grout. 
The   remainder   of  the   space   shall  then  be   completely  filled 
with  plastic  mortar  mixed  1  to  1  and  the  joint  wiped  inside 
and  finished  to  a  smooth  bevel  outsidew 

Joints  for  sanitary  sewers  and  bituminous  compound  for 
same. 

180.  Joints    of   sanitary    pipe    sewers    below   the    normal 
water  table  shall  be  made  with  a  compound  approved  by  the 
Chief  Engineer.     The  compound  shall  preferably  have  a  bi- 

46 


luminous  base,  shall  adhere  firmly  to  the  glazed  surfaces  of 
the  pipes,  shall  melt  and  run  freely  at  a  temperature  as  low 
as  250°  F.  and  when  set  shall  be  sufficiently  elastic  to  permit 
of  a  slight  movement  of  the  pipes  without  injury  to  the  joints 
qr  breaking  the  adhesion  of  the  compound  to  the  pipes.  The 
compound  shall  not  deteriorate  when  submerged  in  fresh  or 
salt  water  or  normal  domestic  sewage.  It  shall  show  no  de- 
terioration of  any  kind  when  immersed  for  a  period  of  five 
days  in  a  one  per  cent,  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid  or  a 
rive  per  cent,  solution  of  caustic  potash. 

All  sanitary  pipe  sewers  below  the  normal  water  table 
shall  be  laid  in  concrete  cradles  as  shown  on  the  plans ;  the 
joints  shall  be  carefully  centered  and  calked  as  specified  in 
article  179.  After  a  joint  is  properly  calked,  a  suitable  runner 
shall  be  placed  and  the  compound,  heated  to  a  temperature 
of  approximately  400°  F.,  shall  be  poured  into  it  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  annular  space  shall  be  completely  filled  to 
within  one-half  inch  of  the  outer  rim  of  the  bell  of  the  pipe. 

After  the  joints  are  run  and  the  concrete  cradle  is  placed 
those  portions  of  the  joints  not  embedded  in  the  cradle  shall 
be  encased  in  cement  mortar,  which  shall  extend  at  least  two 
inches  from  the  face  and  outside  of  the  bell.  The  cement 
mortar  shall  be  mixed  in  the  proportions  of  one  part  of  cement 
to  one  of  sand. 

INSPECTION  OF  JOINTS. 

181.  Unless  otherwise  permitted,  at  least  4  finished  joints 
shall  be  left  exposed  for  inspection  throughout  the  working 
day,  and  the  necessary  staging  for  the  protection  of  the  ex- 
posed sewers  and  for  the  handling  of  excavated  material  shall 
be  provided.  A  suitable  ladder  affording  easy  access  for  such 
inspection  shall  be  furnished  at  every  trench  open  for  the 
proposed  sewer.  The  joints  on  the  inside  of  all  pipe  sewers 
larger  than  15  inches  in  diameter,  shall  be  carefully  filled  with 
mortar  and  wiped  smooth  and  flush  with  the  surface  of  the 
pipe. 

47 


SUB-GRADE  To  BE  TESTED. 

182i.  No  pipe  or  the  cradle  therefor  shall  be  laid  or 
placed  until  the  sub-grade  of  the  trench  shall  have  been 
tested  and  found  correct. 

SEWER.  To  BE  KEPT  CLEAN. 

183.  The  interior  of  the  sewer  shall,  as  the  work  progress- 
es, be  cleared  of  all  dirt,  cement  and  superfluous  materials  of 
every  description. 

BACKFILLING. 

184.  Immediately  after  the  sewer  is  laid  the  trench  shall 
be  backfilled  as  provided  in  sections  31,  32,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38 
and  39.    No  walking  on  or  working  upon  the  completed  sewer 
(except  as  may  be  necessary  in  tamping  the  backfilling)  will 
be  permitted  until  the  trench  has  been  backfilled  to  a  height 
of  at  least  2  feet  over  the  top  of  the  sewer. 

185.  The  exposed  ends  of  pipe  sewers  shall  be  provided 
with  approved  temporary  covers  fitted  to  the  pipe  so  as  to 
oxelude  e'arth  and  other  materials. 

BRANCH  PIPES. 

186.  Branch  pipes  and  connection  pipes  shall  be  of  the 
same   quality   and  dimensions  and  laid  in  the  same  manner 
as  specified  for  pipe  sewers.     Dead  ends  of  pipes  shall  be 
closed  with  bulkheads  of  brick  masonry  8  inches  in  thickness. 

CONNECTION  WITH  EXISTING  WORK. 

187.  Wherever  the  proposed  sewer  is  to  connect  with  an 
existing  manhole  in  which  there  is  a  branch  pipe  which  is 
damaged  or  of  unsuitable  size  or  in  improper  position,  such 
pipe  shall  be  removed  and  be  replaced  with  a  pipe  of  suitable 
size  or  be  reset  in  the  proper  position.     The  pipe  so  substi- 
tuted or  reset  will  be  paid  for  at  the  contract  price  for  the 
corresponding  size  of  pipe  sewer. 

48 


PIPES  CUT  To  FIT  MASONRY. 

188.  The    ends   of   pipes   which    enter   masonry   shall  be 
neatly  cut  to  fit  the  face  of  the  masonry.     When  directed, 
such  cutting  shall  be  done  before  the  pipes  are  built  in. 

MEASUREMENT. 

189.  The   length   of  pipe   sewers  to  be  paid  for  will  be 
determined   by   measurements   along   their   invert   lines,    and 
no  deductions  will  be  made  on  accoount  of  openings  at  man- 
holes. 

PRICES  TO  COVER. 

190.  The  contract  prices  for  pipe  sewers  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  necessary  excavation   (except  rock  when  there  is 
a   contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;   of  all  sand,   gravel, 
broken  stone  or  concrete  cradles  required;  of  the  making  of 
all  joints  as  specified;  of  all  necessary  trimming,  fitting  and 
building  into  masonry;  of  all  bulkheads,  also  the  removal  of 
all  bulkheads  in  the  ends  of  sewers  to  which  connection  is 
made  by  the  sewers  in  the  contract;  of  all  backfilling;  of  all 
embankments  required;  of  all  samples  furnished;  and  of  all 
labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish  and  lay  the  sewers 
complete   in  place,   as   shown   on  the   plan   and   as  specified. 


CEMENT  CONCRETE*  PIPE  SEWERS,  WITHOUT  RE-INFORCE- 

MENT. 

SHAPE  AND  DIMENSIONS. 

191.  Cement  concrete  pipes  without  re-inforcement,  used 
in  the  construction  of  sewers,  shall  be  hub  and  spigot  pipes 
conforming  in  dimensions  to  the  standard  plan  on  file  in  the 
office  of  the  Engineer.     Variations  not  greater  than  one-half 
(1/2)  per  cent,  from  such  dimensions  will  be  permitted. 

192.  Egg  shaped  sections  for  12-inch  and  larger  sizes  shall 
have  flat  bases  and  shall  be  equal  in  quality  to  samples  marked 
standard  on  exhibition  at  the  Engineer's  office. 

49 


QUALITY  or  PIPE. 

193.  When  cement  concrete  pipe  is  broken  it  shall  appear 
homogeneous,  be  entirely  free  from  cracks  or  voids  and  gen- 
erally uniform,  showing  pieces  of  fractured  stone,  firmly  im- 
bedded in  the  mortar. 

PROPORTIONS. 

194.  The    concrete   used   in   the    manufacture    of   cement 
concrete   pipe   shall  be   composed   of  a   mixture   of  the  best 
quality    of   Portland   cement,    cl\ean,    sharp    sand   and    clean, 
broken  stone  or  gravel  suitably  graded  and  equal  in  quality 
to  similar  materials  specified  herein  for  concrete,  and  prop- 
erly proportioned  to  produce  a  pipe  that  will  comply  with 
all  the  requirements  specified  in  sections  195  to  202,  inclusive. 

METHOD  OF  MAKING. 

195.  Methods  of  molding,  trimming  and  seasoning  cement 
concrete  pipe  are  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  manufacturer; 
as  furnished,  it  shall  be  without  warps,  cracks  or  imperfec- 
tions and  shall  present  smooth  inner  and  outer  surfaces  with 

no  stones  visible. 

DELIVERY. 

196.  No  pipe  shall  be  delivered  on  the  work  or  used  within 
. . .   days  after  manufacture. 

INSPECTION. 

197.  The  materials  used  in  the  manufacture,  the  process 
of  manufacture  and  the  marking  and  dating  of  pipe  shall  be 
subject  to  inspection  at  the  factory  by  inspectors  designated 

by  the  Engineer?. 

DATE  OF  .MOLDING. 

198.  All   pipe   shall  have   manufacturer's  name   and  the 
date   of  molding  clearly  impressed  on  the  outer  surface  as 

identification  marks. 

TESTS. 

199.  Sections  165,  166,  168,  169,  171,  172,  173,  174,  relat- 
ing to  "curves,  bends,  etc.,"  " samples  for  testing,"  "drop 
weight  tests,"  "hydrostatic  pressure  tests,"  "factory  rejec- 
tion," "cradles,"  "without  cradles,"  "concrete  cradles,"  and 

50 


all  sections  178,  179,  180,  181,  182,  183,  184,  185,  186,  187, 
188,  189  and  190,  relating  to  manner  of  laying,  jointing,  in- 
spection, etc.,  etc.,  of  vitrified  pipe  sewers  shall  govern  in  the 
manufacture  of  cement  concrete  pipe  and  the  construction  of 
cement  concrete  pipe  sewers,  wherever  applicable.  Crushing 
tests  shall  be  applied  ais  in  section  167,  except  that  flat  base 
of  pipe  shall  rest  on  sand  bed  not  less  than  2  inches  thick, 
and  pressure  through  a  knife  edge  one  inch  thick  shall  be 
applied  at  the  crown, 

SPURS  AND  BRANCHES. 

200.  The  manner  of  forming  and  joining  spurs  and  branch- 
es with  hubs  of  standard  dimensions  to  cement  concrete  pipe 
shall  be  such  as  to  insure  a  tight  union,  of  ample  strength  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  work  and  of  the  tests  heretofore 
specified  for  spurs  and  branches  on  vitrified  pipe. 

ABSORPTION  TESTS. 

201.  After  having  been  thoroughly  dried  and  then  im- 
mersed in  water  for  24  hours,  sample  pieces  of  cement  con- 
crete pipe  of  about  ten  square  inches  superficial  area,  with 
broken  edges,  shall  not  absorb  more  than  ten  (10)  per  cent, 
of  their  weight  of  water. 

DIMENSIONS. 

[Note — Sec.  202  was  not  adopted.  An  alternative  section  will  be 
printed  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Association  for  1914  for  discussion  at 
the  next  convention.] 

202.  The   minimum  lengths,   thicknesses,   depths  of  hubs 
and  annular  spaces  for  the  respective  sizes  of  cement  concrete 
pipes  shall  be  as  follows: 

Diam-  Thick-  Depth  of 

eter.     Length,     ness,     socket. 

inches,     feet.      inches,     inches.  Annular  space. 

6  2  y±  Zy2  Not  less  than  5/8  inch. 

Not  less  than  5/s  inch. 

10  3 

12  3 

15  3 

18  3 

20  3 

22  3 

24  3 

51 


1^4 
i1/; 

2  4 
gi 
ti% 

2S/& 
2ti 

W 

3 
3 
334 

Not  less  than  ^ 
Not  less  than  ^ 
Not  less  than  ^ 
Not  less  than  £4 
Not  less  than  34 
Not  less  than  y\ 
Not  less  than  1 

inch, 
inch, 
inch, 
inch, 
inch, 
inch, 
inch. 

And  as 
shown  on 
Standard 
Plan. 

CEMENT  CONCRETE  PIPE  SEWERS  WITH  REINFORCEMENT. 
SHAPE  AND  DIMENSION. 

203.  Reinforced  cement  concrete  pipes  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  sewers  shall  be  either  circular  in  section  without 
flat  base,  or  egg  shaped  in  section  with  flat  base,  and  shall 
conform  in   dimensions  to  the  standard  plan  on  file  in  the 
office  of  the  Engineer.     Variations  not  greater  than  one-half 
(%)  Per  cent,  from  such  dimensions  will  be  permitted. 

ENDS  OP  PIPES. 

204.  The  ends  of  such  pipes  shall  be  molded  with  hubs 
and  spigots  or  with  any  other  shapes  which  are  satisfactory 
to  the  Engineer,  and  which  will  permit  the  making  of  tight, 
smooth  and  permanent  joints.     The  shapes  of  the  pipe  ends 
shall  be  such  as  to  require  and  permit  the  making  and  finish- 
ing of  the  joints  both  on  the  inside  and  outside  of  the  sewer. 

205.  The  pipes  shall  conform  to  the  requirements  in  sec- 
tion 193   and   shall  be   equal  in  quality  to   samples  marked 
"Standard"*'   on  .exhibition   at  the  Engineer's   office. 

DIMENSIONS,  ETC. 

[Note — Section  206  was  not  adopted.     See  note  under  Sec.  202.] 

206.  The  minimum  lengths,  thicknesses  and  depths  of  hubs 
for   the   respective   sizes   of  re-inforced   concrete   pipes   shall 
be  as  follows: 

Size.  Lengths.  Thickness.  Depth  of  Socket, 

inches.  feet.  inches.  inches. 

24  4  3  3^ 

30  4  3^  4 

36  4  4  4*/2 

42  4  4y2  5 

48  4  5  6 

54  4  5^  6 

60  4  6  6 

66  4  6^  6 

72  4  7  6 

78  4  8  6 

84  4  8  6 


TYPE  or  REINFORCEMENT. 

207.  The  steel  used  for  reinforcement  of  cement  concrete 
pipe  shall  conform  to  the  requirements  for  such  material  speci- 
fied in  section  Not.  111. 

a.  It  shall  be  either  expanded  metal,  rods  or  wire  mesh, 
equal  in  quality  and  design  to  that  manufactured  by  the  Amer- 
ican Steel  and  Wire  Company. 

b.  Where  reinforcement  in  pipes  is  exposed,  it  shall  be 
thoroughly  painted  with  cement  grout  so  as  to  prevent  deter- 
ioration by  exposure  to  the  weather,  unless  the  reinforcement 
be  galvanized. 

REINFORCEMENT  FOR  CIRCULAR  PIPES. 

208.  In   all  sizes   of  circular  reinforced  cement  concrete 
pipe  from  24  inches  to  48  inches  diameter,  inclusive,  reinforce- 
ment shall  be  placed  at  distances  varying  from  1  inch  to  1% 
inches  from  the  inner  surfaces,  according  to  diameter  of  pipes, 
as  shown  on  the  plan. 

a.  Either  one  or  two  lines  of  reinforcement  may  be  used 
in  the  above  sizes  of  pipes. 

b.  In  all  circular  pipes  whose  diameters  exceed  48  inches 
two   lines    of  reinforcement   shall   be   iJsed,   unless   otherwise 
shown  on  the  plan. 

c.  The  inner  line  of  reinforcement  shall  be  placed  two 
inches  from  the  inner  surface.     The  outer  line  of  reinforce- 
ment shall  be  placed  1%  inches  from  the  outer  surfaces. 

REINFORCEMENT  FOR  EGG  SHAPE  PIPE. 

209.  In  all  sizes  of  egg  shaped  reinforced  cement  con- 
crete pipes,  reinforcement  shall  be  placed  in  such  manner  as 
to  best  resist  stresses  induced  by  external  loads,  and  in  a 
manner  satisfactory  to  the  Engineer.     In  all  cases  the  shapes 
to  which  reinforcement  shall  be  bent  in  the  finished  pipe  shall 
be  smooth  and  true,  so  that  its  position  in  the  pipe-  shall  con- 
form at  all  points  to  that  shown  on  the  standard  plan. 

53 


SAMPLES  FOR  TESTING. 

210.  Any  or  all  of  the  following  tests  may  be  applied  to 
samples  selected  by  the  Engineer  from  the  pipe  delivered  on 
the  work.     For  the  purpose  of  making  such  tests  as  may  be 
required,  the  Contractor  shall  furnish  and  deliver,  when  di- 
rected, and  at  the  place  required,  three  lengths  of  each  size 
of  pipes  used  in  the  work. 

CRUSHING  TESTS. 

211.  When  tested  in  the  manner  described  in  Section  No. 
167,  the  various  sizes  of  pipes  between  24-inch  and  42-inch  in 
diameter,  inclusive,  shall  withstand  the  following  pressure : 

When  supported  upon  a  saddle  which  extends  the  full 
length  of  the  pipe  exclusive  of  the  bell  and  whose  upper  sur- 
face fits  accurately  the  outer  curved  surface  of  the  pipe,  and 
whose  width  is  equal  to  an  arc  of  15  degrees,  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  an  even  bearing  is  provided  throughout  the  whole 
length,  and-  pressure  is  applied  at  the  crown  uniformly  through 
a  knife  edge  one  inch  in  width,  the  various  sizes  of  pipes  with 
diameters  greater  than  42  inches  shall  withstand  the  follow- 
ing pressures: 

Diameter.  Pressure.  Diameter.  Pressure, 

inches.  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  inches.  Ibs.  perlin.  ft. 

24  1950  60  5000 

30  2350  66  5500 

36  2800    -  72  6000 

42  3200  78  6500 

48  3800  84  7000 

54  4400 

212.  Reinforced  concrete  pipe  in  which  the  reinforcement 
is  not  placed  symmetrically  about  the   circumference  of  the 
shell   or  in  which  only   one   concentric  line  of  reinforcement 
is  used,  shall  be  tested  in  such  a  manner  as  to  develop  the 
same  bending  moments  at  the  extremities  of  the  vertical  and 
horizontal  diameters  as  will  be  developed  at  the  crown  by  the 
tests  specified  above. 

54 


HYDROSTATIC  AND  ABSORPTION  TESTS. 

213.  When  subjected  to  an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure 
of  ten   (10)   pounds  per  square  inch,  reinforced  cement  con- 
crete pipe  shall  show  no  percolation. 

Reinforced  cement  concrete  pipe  shall  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  absorption  test  specified  in  Section  201. 

214.  Reinforced   cement   concrete   pipes  having   openings 
to   receive   spur   and  branch   connections   shall  be   furnished 
and  laid  at  such  points  as  the  Engineer  may  designate  and 
as  called  for  by  the  plan.     The  openings  in  pipes  shall  be 
made  in  accordance  with  a  plan  approved  by  the  Chief  En- 
gineer, and  the  openings  shall  be  such  that  connection  may 
be  made  with  the  sewer  in  as  effective  a  manner  as  is  possible 
with  pipes  with  molded  spur  connections. 

GENERAL. 

215.  All  the  sections  relating  to  vitrified  pipe  sewers  and 
to  cement  concrete  pipe  sewers  without  reinforcement  which 
are  pertinent   and   applicable  to  reinforced  cement  concrete 
pipe  sewers  unless  otherwise  specified  herein  shall  govern  in 
all  respects  and  details. 


CAST  IRON  PIPE  SEWERS. 
CAST  IRON  PIPE. 

216.  Cast  iron  pipe  for  sewers   shall  conform  with  the 
requirements  of  the  latest  revised  Standard  Specifications  for 
Cast  Iron  Pipe  adopted  by  the  American  Society  for  Testing 
Materials,  and  all  tests  required  shall  be  made  in  accordance 
therewith. 

217.  The   thickness   of   shell   and  weight   of  the   several 
classes  of  pipe,  and  the  allowable  variations  of  diameter  and 
weight  shall  be  as  follows: 


55 


Class  A 


Nominal        100  foot  Head             200  fo 
Inside     43  pounds  Pressure    80  poun< 
Diameter  Thickness  Weight  Thickne 
inches         inches       pounds      inches 

4 

0.42 

240 

0.45 

6 

0.44 

370 

0.48 

8 

0.46 

515 

0.51 

10 

0.50 

685 

0.57 

12 

0.54 

870 

0.62 

14 

0.57 

1075 

0.66 

16 

0.60 

1300 

0.70 

18 

0.64 

1550 

0.75 

20 

0.67 

1800 

0.80 

24 

0.76 

2450 

0.89 

30 

0.88 

3500 

1.03 

36 

0.99 

4700 

1.15 

42 

1.10 

6150 

1.28 

48 

1.26 

8000 

1.42 

54 

1.35 

9600 

1.55 

60 

1.39 

11000 

1.67 

Class  B  Class  C 

lead  300  foot  Head 

fessure  130  pounds  Pressure 
Weight  Thickness  Weight 
pounds  inches  pounds 

280 
430 
625 
850 
1100 
1400 
1725 
2100 
2500 
3350 
4800 
6550 
8600 


260 

400 

570 

765 

985 

1230 

1500 

1800 

2100 

2800 

4000 

5450 

7100 

9000 

11200 

13250 


0.48 
0.51 
0.56 
0.62 
0.68 
0.74 
0.80 
0.87 
0.92 
1.04 
1.20 
1.36 
1.54 
1.71 
1.90 
2.00 


10900 
13700 
16100 


Allowable 
Variations 

Diam.    Weight 

inches 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.06  5  p.  c. 

0.08  4  p.  c. 

0.08  4  p.  c. 

0.08  4  p.  c. 

0.10  4  p.  c. 

0.10  4  p.  c. 

0.10  4  p.  c. 

0.12  4  p.  c. 

0.15  4  p.  c. 

0.15  4  p.  c. 


The  above  weights  are  for  12  feet  laying  lengths  and  stand- 
ard sockets;  proportionate  allowance  will  be  made  for  any 
variation  therefrom. 

VARIATION  IN  THICKNESS. 

218.  For  pipes  whose  standard  thickness  is  less  than  1 
inch,  the  thickness  of  metal  in  the  body  of  the  pipe  shall  not 
be  more  than  0.08  inch  less  than  the  standard  thickness;  and 
for  pipes  whose   standard  thickness  is  1  inch  or  more,  the 
variation  shall  not  exceed  0.10  inch,   except  that  for  areas 
not  exceeding  8  inches  in  any  direction,  variations  from  the 
standard  thickness   of  0.02  inch  in  excess  of  the  allowance 
above  given  will  be  permitted. 

COATING. 

219.  All  cast  iron  pipes  shall  be  thoroughly  and  evenly 
coated  inside  and  outside  with  coal  tar  pitch  varnish.     The 
coating  shall  be  smooth,  tough  and  tenacious  when  cold  and 
shall  not  be  brittle  or  have  any  tendency  to  scale  off. 

MARKING. 

-  220.  The  weight  and  class  letter  shall  be  conspicuously 
painted  by  the  manufacturer  with  white  oil  paint  on  the  in- 
side of  each  pipe  after  the  coating  is  hard. 

56 


221.  Joints  of  cast  iron  pipe  sewers  shall  be  of  the  kinds 
shown  on  the  plan. 

LEAD  JOINTS. 

222.  When  lead  joints  are  required,  the  inner  portion  of 
the   annular  space  between  the  pipes  shall  be  packed  with 
clean,   sound  jute  packing  yarn  and  the  remaining  portions 
shall  be  run  full  of  pure,  soft  lead  and  calked  with  suitable 
tools.     Unless   otherwise   shown   on   the   plan,   the   depths   of 
the  lead  joints  shall  be  2Vo  inches  for  6-inch  to  8-inch  pipe; 
3  inches  for  12-  inch  to  24-inch  pipe,  and  3%  inches  for  30-inch 
to  48-inch  pipe. 

MORTAR  JOINTS. 

223.  When    gasket    and    mortar    joints    or    plain    mortar 
joints  are  required  they  shall  be  made  as  specified  in  Sections 
178  and  179. 

224.  All  the  requirements,   as  hereinbefore  specified,  re- 
lating to  excavation,  laying,  backfilling  and  measurements  of 
vitrified  pipe  sewers  shall  apply,  as  far  as  they  are  applicable, 
to  cast  iron  pipe  sewers. 

PRICES  To  COVER. 

22,5.  The  contract  prices  for  cast  iron  pipe  sewers  shall 
cover  the  cost  of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock  when 
there  is  a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  all  sand, 
gravel,  broken  stone,  or  concrete  cradles  required;  of  the 
making  of  all  joints;  of  all  bulkheads;  of  all  backfilling;  of 
all  embankments  required  and  of  all  labor  and  materials  re- 
quired to  furnish  and  lay  the  sewers  complete  in  place,  as 
shown  on  the  plan  and  as  specified. 


BASIN  CONNECTIONS. 

226.  The  connections  between  receiving  basins  or  inlet 
basins  and  sewers  or  manholes  shall  be  of  12-inch  vitrified 
pipe,  unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan.  The  pipes  shall 
be  of  the  same  quality  and  dimensions  and  laid  in  the  same 
manner  as  hereinbefore  specified  for  vitrified  pipe  sewers. 

57 


MEASUREMENT. 

227.  The  lengths  of  basin  connections  to  be  paid  for  will 
be  determined  by  measurements  along  their  inverts. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

228.  The  contract  price  for  basin  connections  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock,  when  there 
is  a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  all  sand,  gravel, 
broken  stone,  or  concrete  cradles  required ;  of  all  necessary 
trimming,  fitting  and  building  into  masonry ;  of  all  backfilling ; 
of  all  embankments  required;  and  of  all  labor  and  materials 
required  to  furnish  and  lay  the  basin  connections  complete 

in  place,  as  specified. 

PIPE  DRAINS. 

229.  Pipe  drains  shall  be  built  of  vitrified  or  cement  con- 
crete pipe  of  the  same  quality  and  dimensions  and  laid  in  the 
same  manner  as  hereinbefore  specified  for  pipe  sewers. 

OLD  DRAINS  RESTORED  OR  EXTENDED. 

Z30.  Any  existing  drain  encountered  disturbed  or  removed 
on  account  of  the  work  under  this  contract  shall,  if  required, 
be  restored  or  connected  with  the  new  work  as  directed.  The 
portions  of  such  drain  restored  or  the  extensions  thereof  will 
be  paid  for  at  the  contract  prices  for  pipe  drains  of  the  same 

size. 

MEASUREMENT. 

231.  The  lengths  of  pipe  drains  to  be  paid  for  will  be  de- 
termined by  measurements  along  their  inverts. 

PRICES  To  COVER. 

232.  The  contract  prices  for  pipe  drains  shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  necessary  excavations  (except  rock,  when  there  is 
a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  all  necessary  trim- 
ming, fitting  and  building  into  masonry;  of  all  backfilling; 
of  all  embankments  required;  and  of  all  labor  and  materials 
required  to  furnish  and  lay  the  drains  complete  in  place,  as 
specified. 

68 


SPURS  FOR  HOUSE  CONNECTIONS. 

233.  Spurs  for  house  connections  shall  be  of  vitrified  or 
cement  concrete  pipe  6  inches  in  diameter,  equal  in  quality 
and  dimensions  to  that  specified  for  pipe  sewers. 

IN  BRICK  AND  CONCRETE  SEWERS. 

234.  In  brick  and  concrete  sewers  spurs  shall  be  built  in 
as  shown  on  the  plan  or  as  directed.    They  shall  be  hub  and 
spigot  pipes  with  the  spigot  end  moulded  or  cut  to  fit  flush 
with  the  inner  surface  of  the  sewer,  and  of  sufficient  length 
to  reach  the  exterior  of  the  sewer. 

IN  PIPE  SEWERS. 

235.  Pipes  having  6-inch  spurs  with  hubs  moulded  thereon 
shall  be  furnished  and  laid  in  pipe  sewers  where  shown  on 
the  plan  or  directed.    The  cost  of  such  pipes  shall  be  included 
in  the  contract  prices  for  pipe  sewers. 

COVERS. 

236.  The  ends  of  all  spurs  not  connected  with  drains  shall 
be  closed  with  approved  covers  of  the  same  material  as  the 
pipe.     If  required,  such  covers  shalls  be  cemented  in  place, 
and  when  directed  the  covers  shall  be  so  cemented  before  the 
pipes  are  lowered  into  the  trench. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

237.  The  cost  of  spurs  and  all  labor  and  materials  required 
to  furnish  and  place  the  same  as  specified,   and  furnishing 
and  cementing  the  covers  for  the  same,  shall  be  included  in 
the  contract  price  of  the  sewers  to  which  they  connect.    They 
shall  be  furnished  and  laid  as  above  specified  without  extra 
cost  to  the  city. 

DRAINS  FOR  HOUSE  CONNECTIONS. 

238.  Where  shown  on  the  plan  or  where  directed,  drains 
or  house  connections  shall  be  built  from  the  spurs  in  such  a 
manner  and  for  such  distance  as  may  be  shown  or  directed. 

59 


DEPTH  AT  CURB. 

239.  Generally  house  connection  drains  shall  be  laid  with 
such  a  gradient  as  to  secure  a  depth  at  the  curb  line  of  9% 
feet  or  at  a  gradient  of  y±  inch  per  foot.     Where  this  is  not 
possible  or  advisable,  the  depth  at  the  curb  line  shall  be  as 

shown  on  the  plan. 

MATERIAL. 

240.  Unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  drains  for  house 
connections  shall  be  of  pipe   of  the  quality  and  dimensions 
specified  for  pipe  sewers.     The  ends  of  the  drains  shall  be 
closed  with  approved  covers  of  the  same  material  as  the  pipe. 

How  LAID. 

241.  All  the  requirements,   as  hereinbefore  specified,  re- 
lating to   excavation,  laying  and  backfilling  of  pipe   sewers 
shall  apply,  as  far  as  they  are  applicable,  to  drains  for  house 

connections. 

MEASUREMENT. 

242.  The  lengths  of  pipe  drains  for  house  connections  to 
be  paid  for  will  be  determined  by  measurement  along  their 
inverts. 

They  shall  be  measured  from  the  hub  of  the  spur  attached 
to  the  drain,  sewer  or  riser. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

243.  The  contract  price  for  drains  for  house  connections 
shall  cover  the  cost  of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock, 
when  there  is  a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  the  cost 
of  all  backfilling;  the  cost  of  all  covers,  bends  and  specials 
required ;  of  all  sand,  gravel,  broken  stone  or  concrete  cradles ; 
and  the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  furnish 
and  lay  the  drains  for  house  connections  complete  in  place, 
as  specified  and  as  shown  on  the  plan. 

RISERS. 

244.  Where  shown  on  the  plan  on  where  directed,  risers 
for  house  connections  shall  be  built  from  the  spurs  in  such  a 

60 


manner  and  to  such  height  as  may  be  shown  on  the  plan  or 
directed.  Unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  they  shall 
be  of  pipe  of  the  quality  and  dimensions  hereinbefore  specified 
for  pipe  sewers.  They  shall  be  supported  and  surrounded  by 
concrete  as  shown,  and  each  shall  be  closed  with  an  approved 
cover  of  the  same  material  as  the  pipe. 

MEASUREMENT. 

245.  The  lengths  of  risers  to  be  paid  for  will  be  deter- 
mined by  measurements  along  their  axes.    They  shall  be  meas- 
ured from  the  hub  of  the  spur  attached  to  the  main  sewer. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

246.  The    contract   price   for  risers   shall   cover  the   cost 
of   all   necessary   excavation    (except   rock,   when   there   is   a 
contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  the  cost  of  all  concrete 
used  in  connection. with  the  risers;  the  cost  of  all  backfilling; 
the  cost  of  all  covers,  bends,  and  specials  required;  and  the 
cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct  the  risers 
complete  in  place,  as  specified. 


MANHOLES. 

247.  The  masonry  or  concrete  for  manholes  sjiall  be  built 
to  within  . . .  inches  of  the  established  grade  of  the  street  or 
to  within    . . .    inches  of  the  existing  surface  of  the  ground, 
as  directed.     When  not  built  up  to  within   . .  .   inches  of  the 
established  grade  of  the  street,  the  masonry  or  concrete  shall, 
if  directed,  be  covered  with  stone  slabs  not  less  than  5  inches 
thick  or  with  an  approved  re-inforced  concrete  slab  to  sup- 
port the  head. 

BRICK  MANHOLES. 

248.  Brick  manholes  shall  be  formed  by  means  of  tem- 
plets placed  at  top   and  bottom  with  not  less  than  8  lines 
drawn  between  them  if  directed  by  the  Engineer,  and  they 
shall  be  smoothly  and  evenly  plastered  on  the  outside  with 
a  layer  of  mortar  y2  inch  thick. 

61 


CONCRETE  MANHOLES. 

249.  Concrete  manholes   shall  be  built   of  the  materials, 
sizes  and  dimensions  shown  on  the  plan. 

STEPS. 

250.  Galvanized  wrought  iron  steps  of  the  size  and  shape 
shown  on  the  plan  shall  be  firmly  built  into  the  manholes  at 
vertical  intervals  of  about  16  inches. 

HEAD  AND  COVER. 

251.  Manhole  heads  and  covers  shall  be  of  cast  iron,  and 
unless  otherwise  shown  on  the  plan,  each  head,  exclusive  of 
cover,  shall  weigh  not  less  than  475  pounds  and  each  cover 
shall  weigh  not  less  than  135  pounds.    The  weight  of  each  head 
and  cover  shall  be  conspicuously  painted  thereon  by  the  man- 
ufacturer with  white  oil  paint.     The  head  shall  be  set  on  the 
masonry  or  concrete  in  a  full  bed  of  stiff  mortar. 

DUST  PANS,  ETC. 

252.  Where  shown  on  the  plan,  dust  pans  and  protective 
gratings  of  the  materials,  forms  and  dimensions  shown  shall 
be  furnished  and  fitted  in  the  manholes. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

253.  The  contract  price  for  manholes  shall  cover  the  cost 
of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock,  when  there  is  a  con- 
tract  price   for  rock   excavation);   of  all  backfilling;   of  all 
plastering;  of  all  stone  and  concrete  slabs;  of  all  steps;  of 
heads  and  covers;  of  dust  pans  and  protective  gratings,  when 
required;  and  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct 
the  same  complete,  in  place,  as  shown  on  the  plan  and  specified. 


RECEIVING  BASINS. 

BRICK  BASINS. 

254.  Brick  receiving  basins  shall  be  built  in  the  manner 
and  of  the  dimensions  shown  on  the  plan.  They  shall  be 
equipped  with  heads  and  hoods  or  traps  corresponding  with 


the  standard  plan  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  Engineer.  They 
shall  be  formed  by  means  of  templets  placed  at  top  and  bottom 
with  not  less  than  10  vertical  lines  drawn  between  them,  if 
directed  by  the  Engineer.  If  required,  the  outlets  of  receiv- 
ing basins  shall  be  closed  with  bulkheads  of  brick  masonry 
and  such  bulkheads  shall  be  removed  when  directed.  The 
outside  of  the  brickwork  shall  be  smoothly  and  evenly  plas- 
tered with  a  layer  of  mortar  %  inch  thick. 

CONCRETE  BASINS. 

255.  Concrete  receiving  basins  shall  be  built  in  the  man- 
ner and  of  the  dimensions  shown  on  the  plan.     Class  A  con- 
crete shall  be  used  throughout  and  shall  be  placed  for  both 
bottom  and  side  walls  at  one  operation. 

CONCRETE  HEADS. 

256.  Where    concrete   heads   or   cover   slabs   of  receiving 
basins   or  their  inlets  are  built  in  or  adjoin  concrete  side- 
walks, the  new  work  shall  be  made  to  correspond  in  pattern 
and  color  with  the  existing  sidewalk. 

PAVEMENT  AT  INLETS  TO  RECEIVING  BASINS. 

257.  The    pavements    adjoining    the    inlets    to    receiving 
basins  shall  be  restored  and  adjusted  to  the  extent  and  in 
the  manner  directed,  and  in  accordance  with  paragraphs  . . . 
and  ...  in  unpaved  streets  and  in  macadamized  streets,  where 
the  inlets  to  the  receiving  basins  are  approximately  at  the 
surface  of  the  street,  a  s^c.ce  of  2*4  feet  adjoining  such  inlets 
shall,  if  required,  be  paved  with  approved  paving  blocks. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

258.  The  contract  price  for  receiving  basins  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  necessary  excavation  (except  rock,  when  there 
is  a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  heads  and  inlets, 
traps  and  fittings;  of  the  outlet  culvert  connecting  with  the 
sewer;   of  all  backfilling;   of  all  pavement  required   at  the 
inlets  to  the  basins;  of  the  temporary  brick  bulkheads  in  the 


outlets  of  the  basins  or  outlet  culverts  when  required;  and  of 
all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct  the  receiving 
basins  complete  in  place,  as  shown  on  the  plan  and  specified. 


STORM  WATER  INLETS. 

259'.  Storm  water  inlets  and  the  heads  and  covers  therefor 
shall  be  of  the  materials,  forms  and  dimensions  shown  on  the 
plan.  If  required,  the  mouth  of  inlets  shall  be  closed  with 
bulkheads  of  brick  masonry  and  such  bulkheads  shall  be  re- 
moved when  directed. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

260.  The  contract  price  for  inlets  shall  cover  the  cost  of 
all  necessary  excavation    (except  rock,  when  there  is  a  con- 
tract price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  all  backfilling;  of  con- 
nections with  sewers  or  basins;  of  the  temporary  brick  bulk- 
heads in  the  mouths  of  the  inlets  when  required;  and  of  all 
labor  and  materials  required  to  construct  the  inlets  complete, 
in  place,  as  shown  on  the  plan  and  specified. 

FLUSH  TANKS. 

261.  Flush  tanks  shall  be  of  the  materials,  form  and  di- 
mensions shown  on  the  plan.    Unless  otherwise  directed,  they 
shall  be  connected  with  the  water  main  and  with  the  sewer. 
The  connection  with  the  water  main  shall  be  made  under  a 
permit  from  the  proper  authorities,  and  under  their  rules  and 
inspection. 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

262.  The   contract   price   for  flush   tanks   shall  cover  the 
cost  of  all  necessary  excavation   (except  rock,  when  there  is 
a  contract  price  for  rock  excavation)  ;  of  all  backfilling;  and 
of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  construct  the  flush  tanks 
complete,  in  place,  as  shown  on  the  plan,  and  to  connect  the 
same  with  the  water  main  and  the  sewer. 

64 


EMBANKMENT. 
QUALITY. 

263.  Where  indicated  on  the  plan,  embankment  shall  be 
made  of  the  form  and  dimensions  shown.     It  shall  consist  of 
clean  steam  ashes,  or  filling  of  the  quality  specified  in  Sec- 
tions 31,  32  and  34,  which  shall  contain  no  stone  over  6  inches 
in  its  largest  dimension.    When  the  material  forming  the  em- 
bankment contains  stones,  the  latter  shall  be  so  distributed 
through  the  mass  that  all  interstices  are  filled  with  fine  ma- 
terial, and  the  material  within  2  feet  of  the  sewer  shall  be 
free  of  stones.     When  embankment  is  used  as  foundation  it 
shall  consist  entirely  of  filling  of  the  quality  specified  in  Sec- 
tions 31  and  32. 

How  MADE. 

264.  The   embankment  shall  be  deposited  and  spread  in 
horizontal  layers  to  such  an  extent  and  at  such  times  as  may 
be  directed.     When  embankment  is  used  as  a  foundation,  the 
ground  on  which  it  is  to  be  made  shall  be  prepared  by  grub- 
bing and  clearing,  and  removing  all  improper  material.     Em- 
bankment used  as  foundation  shall  be  deposited  in  uniform 
horizontal  layers  not  exceeding  1  foot  in  depth,  and  each  layer 
shall  be  thoroughly  compacted  by  rolling  or  tamping,  or  both ; 
such  embankment  shall  not  be  built  upon  until  the  expiration 

of  ...   days  after  its  completion. 

~ 

APPROACHES. 

26,5.  Where  the  embankment  obstructs  or  interferes  in 
any  way  with  any  public  or  private  roadway,  the  Contractor 
shall  furnish  and  place  all  material  necessary  to  provide  suit- 
able approaches  of  such  widths  and  to  such  extent  as  shown 
on  the  plan,  or  as  directed. 

266.  All  embankments  and  approaches  shall  be  maintained 
at  their  full  dimensions  until  the  completion  of  this  contract. 

• 

PRICE  To  COVER. 

267.  The  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  pre- 
pare the  ground,  to  make  the  embankment  and  approaches  as 

65 


specified,  to  make  all  necessary  excavations  and  backfilling 
therein,  and  to  maintain  the  embankments  and  approaches  at 
their  designated  dimensions  until  the  completion  of  this  con- 
tract, shall  be  covered  by  the  contract  prices  for  the  structures 
over  or  in  connection  with  which  they  are  made. 


SLOPE  PAVEMENT. 
How  LAID. 

268.  Slope  pavement  shall  be  not  less  than  18  inches  in 
depth  and  shall  be  composed  of  sound  quarried  or  split  stones. 
Except  when  used  for  pinning  or  wedging,  the  stones  shall 
be  not  less  than  6  inches  thick  and  from  12  to  18  inches  long. 
They  shall  be  placed  by  hand  so  as  to  present  a  fairly  even 
surface,  and  have  their  longest  dimensions  approximately  per- 
pendicular to  the  side  of  the  embankment.    At  least  one-third 
of  the  stones  shall  extend  through  the  pavement.    Slope  pave- 
ment will  be  measured  by  its  superficial  area. 

..-.  PRICE  To  COVER. 

269.  The  contract  price  for  slope  pavement  shall  cover 
the  cost  of  all  labor  and  materials  required  to  lay  the  same 
complete,  in  place,  as  specified. 


RESTORATION  OF  SURFACE  AND  CLEANING  UP. 
RESTORATION  OF  UNPAVED  ROADWAYS,  SIDEWALKS,  ETC. 

270.  At  such  time  as  may  be  directed,  all  unpaved  road- 
ways, gutters,  and  sidewalks  affected  by  the  work  done  under 
this  contract  shall  be  restored  by  the  Contractor  to  the  same 
condition  in  which  they  were  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of 
bids  for  this  contract. 

PAVEMENTS,  ETC.,  RESTORED  BY  CITY. 

271.  Unless  otherwise  required  by  the  plan,  all  roadway 
and  sidewalk  pavements,  cross-walks,   curbs,  etc.,   along  the 
line  of  the  work   (except  those  under  guarantee  for  mainte- 

66 


nance  by  the  paving  Contractor),  which  are  removed,  de- 
stroyed, lost  or  injured  on  account  of,  or  during  the  construc- 
tion of  the  work  under  this  contract,  or  which  are  injured  by 
traffic  on  account  of  any  act  or  omission  on  the  part  of  the  Con- 
tractor, his  agents,  servants  or  employes,  in  the  prosecution 
of  the  work,  will  be  restored  and  adjusted  by  the  city  at  the 
expense  of  the  Contractor.  For  this  purpose,  before  the  com- 
pletion of  the  contract,  and  when  directed,  the  Contractor 
shall  pay  to  the  city  a  sum  of  money  sufficient  to  cover  the 
cost  of  restoring  and  adjusting  the  pavements,  cross-walks, 
curbs,  etc.,  the  amount  of  the  work  to  be  done  being  deter- 
mined by  the  Engineer,  and  the  cost  being  computed  at  the 
following  prices: 

Granite  block  with  concrete  foundation,  tar  and  gravel  (or 

cement  grout)  joints $  per  sq.  yd* 

Granite  block  pavement,  with  sand  foundation 

Medina  block  pavement,  with  concrete  foundation  (grouted 
joints) 

Brick  pavement  with  concrete  foundation 

Brick  pavement,  with  sand  foundation 

Belgian  block  pavement 

Cobble  stone  pavement 

Macadam  pavement  

Iron  slag  pavement 

Wood  block  pavement 

Asphalt  block  pavement  over  10  yds 

Asphalt  block  pavement  under  10  yds v 

Sheet  asphalt  pavement,  with  concrete  foundation,  over  10  yds. 

Sheet  asphalt  pavement,  with  concrete  foundation,  under  10 
yds 

Asphalt  pavement,  without  concrete  foundation,  over  10  yds.. 

Asphalt  pavement,  without  concrete  foundation,  under  10  yds. 

Cement   sidewalk  relaid •....$  per  sq.  ft. 

New  flagging 

Flagging  relaid       

Curbstone  reset,   sand   foundation $  per  lin.  ft. 

Curbstone  reset,  concrete  foundation 

New  curbstone  furnished  and  set,  sand  foundation 

New  curbstone  furnished  and  set,  concrete  foundation 

Bridgestone  reset,  sand  foundation $  per  sq.  ft. 

Bridgestone  reset,  concrete  foundation 

New  bridgestone  furnished  and  set,  sand  foundation 

New  bridgestone  furnished  and  set,  concrete  foundation • 

67 


PAVEMENTS,  ETC.,  RESTORED  BY  CONTRACTOR. 

272.  If  required  by  the  plan,  roadway  and  sidewalk,  pave- 
ments, cross-walks,  curbs,  etc.,  except  those  under  guarantee 
for  maintenance,  shall  be  satisfactorily  restored  and  adjusted 
by  the  Contractor  at  such  times  as  may  be  directed.    Sidewalk 
pavements  shall  be  restored  in  whole  flags,   squares  or  sec- 
tions which  shall  correspond  in  quality  and  appearance  with 
the  original  or  adjoining  flags,  squares  or  sections.    All  work 
and  materials  used  in  such  restoration  and  adjustment  shall 
conform  in  all  respects  to  the  standard  specifications  now  in 
use  by  the  city  for  similar  work  and  materials. 

PAVEMENTS,  ETC.,  UNDER  GUARANTEE. 

273.  All  pavements,  sidewalks,  cross-walks,  curbs,  etc.,  ex- 
isting at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  bids  for  this  contract, 
and  under  guarantee  for  maintenance,  shall  be  restored  and 
adjusted  by  the  parties  responsible  under  such  guarantee,  and 
at  the  expense  of  the  Contractor.     If  not  so  restored  and  ad- 
justed during  the  progress  of  the  work,  the  Contractor  shall, 
when  directed,  pay  to  the  city,  before  the  completion  of  the 
contract,  a  sum  of  money  sufficient  to  cover  the  cost  of  having 
the   same   restored    and   adjusted   by   the   parties   responsible 
under  such  guarantee,  and  at  the  charges  for  the  restoration 
of  the  same,  as  set  forth  in  their  contracts  relating  thereto. 
Such  sum  shall  be  accompanied  by  certificates  from  the  par- 
ties responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  the  pavements,  side- 
walks, cross-walks,  curbs,  etc.,  to  the  effect  that  such  sum  will 
be  accepted  by  them  as  covering  the  entire  quantity  of  pave- 
ment, etc.,  to  be  restored  and  adjusted. 

TEMPORARY  RESTORATION. 

274.  At  such  times  as  may  be  directed  roadway  and  side- 
walk pavements,  cross-walks,  curbs,  etc.,  which  have  been  re- 
moved, whether  under  guarantee  or  not,  shall  be  temporarily 
restored  by  the  Contractor  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Engineer. 

68 


CHANGE  or  PAVEMENT,  ETC. 

275.  When  the  kinds  of  pavements,  sidewalks,  cross-walks, 
curbs,  etc.,  in  any  street  affected  by  this  contract,  are  changed 
after  the  bids  are  opened  and  before  work  is  commenced,  the 
Contractor  will  not  be  required  to  make  permanent  restoration 
of  the  new  pavement,  sidewalks,  cross-walks,  curbs  etc.,  dis- 
turbed, but  a  sum  of  money  sufficient  to  pay  the  cost  of  re- 
placing the  kinds  of  pavement,  sidewalks,  cross-walks,  curbs, 
etc.,  which  were  there  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  bids 
for  this  contract,  will  be  deducted  from  the   amount  which 
would  have  been  payable  to  the  Contractor  upon  the  comple- 
tion  of  the   contract,  had  the   character   of  pavements,   etc., 
not  been  changed,  and  such  cost  will  be  computed  at  the  prices 
stated  in  section  269. 

WHEN  NEW  PAVEMENT  Is  LAID. 

276.  If  pavement,  sidewalks,  cross-walks,  curbs,  etc.,  are 
laid  where  none  existed  at  the  time  the  bids  for  this  contract 
were  opened,  the  Contractor  shall  excavate  and  remove  such 
portions  of  the  pavements,  sidewalks,  cross-walks,  curbs,  etc., 
and  their  foundations  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  work,  but  he  will  not  be  required  to  make  a  permanent 
restoration  of  them. 

TRENCHES  FLOODED. 

277.  Before  laying  any  pavements,  sidewalks,  cross-walks, 
curbs,   etc.,   the   trenches  shall,   if  required,  be  flooded  with 
water,  as  directed,  and  all  resulting  holes  or  depressions  shall 
be  filled  and  tamped  solid. 

UNNECESSARY  CROSS  GUTTERS. 

278.  All  cross  gutters  rendered  unnecessary  by  the  work 
under  this  contract  shall  be  removed  and  the  entire  street  in- 
tersection or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary  shall  be  re- 
graded  and  re-paved  as  herein  specified. 


CLEANING-UP. 

279.  At  such  times  as  may  be  directed,  the  Contractor 
shall  remove  from  the  streets  all  materials  which  were  placed 
thereon  by  him  as  a  consequence  of  performing  this  work, 
and  which  are  not  required  by  the  contract  to  be  left  as  part 
of  the  finished  work.     The  entire  work  and  portions  of  the 
street  affected  thereby  shall  be  left  in  a  satisfactory  condi- 
tion.  -The  sidewalks  and  cross-walks  shall  be  swept  clean  of 
all  material  which  may  have  accumulated  thereon  by  reason 
of  the  work  performed  under  this  contract,  and  if  required, 
they  shall  be  sprinkled  with  water  during  the  sweeping. 

PRICES  To  COVER. 

280.  The  cost  of  all  the  labor  required  to  be  done  and  all 
the  materials  required  to  be  furnished  in  the  performance  of 
all  the  work  specified  in  Sections  . . . ,  inclusive,  shall  be  cov- 
ered by  all  the  contract  prices  for  all  the  items  for  which  there 
are  contract  prices. 


[Proposed  substitute  for  Art.  207.] 
PARAGRAPH  ON  DIMENSIONS  AND  REINFORCEMENT. 

Reinforced  concrete  pipes  shall  have  the  following  general  dimensions 
and  details. 

Size.  Min.  Length.  Min.  Thickness. 

24  4  feet  2^  inches 

30  4  feet  '23A  inches 

36  .      4  feet  3       inches 

42  4  feet  ^A  inches 

48  4  feet  4      inches 

54  4  feet  4^  inches 

60  4  feet  5      inches 

66  4  feet  &A  inches 

72  4  feet  o1^  inches 

78  4  feet  W*  inches 

84  4  feet  6      inches 

The  depth  and  details  of  socket  and  spigot  ends  shall  be  such  as  to 
insure  a  water  tight  joint  and  shall  meet  the  approval  of  the  Engineer. 

70 


Reinforcement  shall  consist  of  wires,  rods,  expanded  metal  or  other 
standard  reinforcement  material  and  shall  be  so  disposed  as  to  efficiently 
reinforce  the  pipe  when  laid,  at  all  points,  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the 
Engineer.  In  general  there  shall  be  a  clearance  between  the  reinforce- 
ment and  the  surface  of  the  pipe  at  least  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the 
bar  and  never  less  than 


[Proposed  Substitute  for  Art.  212.] 
CRUSHING  TESTS. 

The  standard  crushing  requirements  shall  be  the  ability  of  the  pipe 
to  withstand  a  load  equivalent  to  the  vertical  weight  of  backfilling  in  a 
trench  20  feet  deep,  on  the  assumption  that  the  pipe  will  not  have  lateral 
support.  For  damp  yellow  clay  these  loads  are  assumed  to  be  as  follows 
when  supported  as  an  evenly  distributed  load  over  full  width  of  the  pipe 
and  the  pipe  is  supported  equally  throughout  the  180  degrees  of  invert 
without  lateral  support : 

24—  3,350  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

30—  4,400  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

36—  4,800  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

42—  5,600  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

48—  6,600  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

54 —  7,500  Ibs.  per  liri.  ft.  pipe 

60—  8,000  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

66—  8,800  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

72—  9,400  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

78—10,000  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

84 — 10,400  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

Should  it  be  considered  too  difficult  to  make  the  loadings  on  the 
full  diameter  as  described,  the  tests  may  be  made  by  distributing  a  load 
evenly  over  a  sand  box  area  of  45  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  upper 
center  line,  and  supporting  the  pipe  and  load  upon  an  equal  sand  area  at 
the  bottom.  In  this  case  in  order  to  produce  bending  moments  at  the 
crown  which  would  be  produced  by  the  above  standard  loads,  the  loads 
shall  be  according  to  the  following  schedule: 

24 — 2,600  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

30—3,400  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

36—3,700  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

42 — 4,300  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

48—5,100  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

54 — 5300  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

60—6,200  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

66 — 6,800  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

72—7,300  Ibs.  per  lin  ft.  pipe 

78—7,700  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

84-^8,000  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

71 


In  this  case,  however,  since  the  load  produces  a  less  bending  moment 
at  the  horizontal  points  or  springing  lines  than  when  the  standard  load 
is  applied  over  the  full  width  of  the  pipe,  or  as  it  is  in  actual  trench 
condition,  the  springing  line  of  the  pipe  when  analyzed  as  a  reinforced 
concrete  section  shall  have  enough  reinforcement  along  and  near  the 
outer  surface  of  the  ring  to  give  a  calculated  moment  of  resistance  equal 
at  least  to  nine-tenths  of  the  calculated  moment  of  resistance  at  the  top 
and  bottom  points. 

Should  the  Engineer  prefer  to  use  concentrated  load  tests  by  applying 
the  load  along  knife  edge  bearing  and  supporting  the  pipe  upon  similar 
bearing  at  the  base,  as  described  in  section  162,  then  the  loads  which  the 
pipe  shall  sustain  shall  be  as  follows: 

24—1,350  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

30L-1J50  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

36 — 1,900  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

42—2,200  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

48—2,600  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

54—3,000  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

60—3,200  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

66—3,500  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

72—3,700  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

78 — 4,000  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

.-      84 — 4,100  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft.  pipe 

In  this  case  the  strength  of  the  pipe,  or  its  resistance  against  widen- 
ing at  the  horizontal  diameter  shall  be  tested  by  calculation  and  in  com- 
parison with  the  calculated  strength  of  the  ring  at  the  top  and  bottom 
shall  conform  to  the  requirements  described  in  the  preceding  paragraph 
for  tests  with-  90  degree  distribution  of  vertical  load. 


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